महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-14, chapter-5, verse-15

सोऽशक्नुवन्विशेषाय समाहूय बृहस्पतिम् ।
उवाचेदं वचो देवैः सहितो हरिवाहनः ॥१५॥

15. so'śaknuvanviśeṣāya samāhūya bṛhaspatim ,
uvācedaṁ vaco devaiḥ sahito harivāhanaḥ.

15. saḥ aśaknuvan viśeṣāya samāhūya bṛhaspatim
uvāca idam vacaḥ devaiḥ sahitaḥ harivāhanaḥ

15. aśaknuvan viśeṣāya harivāhanaḥ devaiḥ
sahitaḥ bṛhaspatim samāhūya idam vacaḥ uvāca

15. Unable to achieve superiority, Harivāhana (Indra), accompanied by the gods, summoned Bṛhaspati and spoke these words.

Words meanings summery:

• सः (saḥ) - he (Indra) (he, that)

• अशक्नुवन् (aśaknuvan) - being unable to (not being able, unable, failing to)

• विशेषाय (viśeṣāya) - for achieving superiority / to surpass (for distinction, for superiority, for excellence)

• समाहूय (samāhūya) - having summoned (having summoned, having called together)

• बृहस्पतिम् (bṛhaspatim) - Bṛhaspati (Bṛhaspati (preceptor of the gods))

• उवाच (uvāca) - spoke (he said, he spoke)

• इदम् (idam) - these (words) (this, these)

• वचः (vacaḥ) - words (word, speech, saying)

• देवैः (devaiḥ) - by the gods / with the gods (by the gods, with the gods)

• सहितः (sahitaḥ) - accompanied by (accompanied by, joined with, endowed with)

• हरिवाहनः (harivāhanaḥ) - Harivāhana (Indra) (one whose vehicle is bay horses (Indra))

Words meanings and morphology

सः (saḥ) - he (Indra) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to Indra.

अशक्नुवन् (aśaknuvan) - being unable to (not being able, unable, failing to)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of aśaknuvat

aśaknuvat - unable, not being able

Present Active Participle (negative)

Negative particle 'a' + present participle of root śak (to be able)

Root: śak (class 5)

Note: From root śak, present participle, masculine nominative singular.

विशेषाय (viśeṣāya) - for achieving superiority / to surpass (for distinction, for superiority, for excellence)

(noun)

Dative, masculine, singular of viśeṣa

viśeṣa - distinction, difference, superiority, excellence

Note: Dative case indicating purpose.

समाहूय (samāhūya) - having summoned (having summoned, having called together)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive/Gerund

From verb root hū with prefixes sam-ā

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: hū (class 3)

Note: Absolutive, indicating an action completed before the main verb.

बृहस्पतिम् (bṛhaspatim) - Bṛhaspati (Bṛhaspati (preceptor of the gods))

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of bṛhaspati

bṛhaspati - Bṛhaspati, preceptor of the gods

Note: Object of 'samāhūya'.

उवाच (uvāca) - spoke (he said, he spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect past (lit) of vac

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Perfect tense, 3rd person singular.

इदम् (idam) - these (words) (this, these)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of idam

idam - this, these

Note: Qualifies 'vacaḥ'.

वचः (vacaḥ) - words (word, speech, saying)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vacas

vacas - word, speech, saying

Note: Object of 'uvāca'.

देवैः (devaiḥ) - by the gods / with the gods (by the gods, with the gods)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of deva

deva - god, deity

Note: Used with 'sahitaḥ'.

सहितः (sahitaḥ) - accompanied by (accompanied by, joined with, endowed with)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sahita

sahita - accompanied by, joined with, endowed with

Past Passive Participle

From verb root dhā with prefix sa- (or saha)

Prefix: sa

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: P.P.P. from sam- + hi.

हरिवाहनः (harivāhanaḥ) - Harivāhana (Indra) (one whose vehicle is bay horses (Indra))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of harivāhana

harivāhana - one whose vehicle is bay or green horses (epithet of Indra)

Compound type : bahuvrihi (hari+vāhana)

• hari – bay, tawny, green, lion, Indra
  noun (masculine)
• vāhana – vehicle, mount, carriage
  noun (neuter)
  Root: vah (class 1)

Note: Subject of 'uvāca'.