महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-14, chapter-5, verse-1

युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
कथंवीर्यः समभवत्स राजा वदतां वरः ।
कथं च जातरूपेण समयुज्यत स द्विज ॥१॥

1. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
kathaṁvīryaḥ samabhavatsa rājā vadatāṁ varaḥ ,
kathaṁ ca jātarūpeṇa samayujyata sa dvija.

1. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ uvāca kathaṃvīryaḥ samabhavat sa rājā
vadatām varaḥ kathaṃ ca jātarūpeṇa samayujyata sa dvija

1. Yudhishthira said: 'O best of speakers, what kind of power did that king possess? And O twice-born (dvija), how did he become associated with gold?'

Words meanings summery:

• युधिष्ठिरः (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ) - Yudhishthira (Yudhishthira (name of the eldest Pandava))

• उवाच (uvāca) - said (he said, he spoke)

• कथंवीर्यः (kathaṁvīryaḥ) - of what kind of power (of what valor, having what kind of power)

• समभवत् (samabhavat) - did possess (lit. 'did become') (he became, he was, he arose)

• स (sa) - that (king) (he, that)

• राजा (rājā) - king (king, ruler)

• वदताम् (vadatām) - of speakers (of those who speak, among speakers)

• वरः (varaḥ) - best (O best among speakers) (best, excellent, boon, choice)

• कथं (kathaṁ) - how (how, in what manner, of what kind)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• जातरूपेण (jātarūpeṇa) - with gold (with gold, by nature)

• समयुज्यत (samayujyata) - he became associated (with) (he was united, he was joined, he was endowed)

• स (sa) - that (king, implied) (he, that)

• द्विज (dvija) - O twice-born (dvija) (addressing Vyasa) (O brahmin, O twice-born)

Words meanings and morphology

युधिष्ठिरः (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ) - Yudhishthira (Yudhishthira (name of the eldest Pandava))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - Yudhishthira, steady in battle

From 'yudhi' (in battle, locative of yudh) + 'sthira' (steady).

Compound type : aluk-tatpurusha (yudh+sthira)

• yudh – battle, fight
  noun (feminine)
  From √yudh 'to fight'
  Root: yudh (class 4)
• sthira – steady, firm, constant
  adjective (masculine)
  From √sthā 'to stand'
  Root: sthā (class 1)

उवाच (uvāca) - said (he said, he spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

perfect active indicative 3rd singular

Reduplicated perfect of √vac

Root: vac (class 2)

कथंवीर्यः (kathaṁvīryaḥ) - of what kind of power (of what valor, having what kind of power)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kathaṃvīrya

kathaṁvīrya - of what valor, having what kind of power

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (katham+vīrya)

• katham – how, in what manner, of what kind
  indeclinable
  From 'kim' + 'thām' suffix
• vīrya – valor, strength, power, energy
  noun (neuter)
  From √vīr 'to be mighty'
  Root: vīr

समभवत् (samabhavat) - did possess (lit. 'did become') (he became, he was, he arose)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect (laṅ) of bhū

imperfect active indicative 3rd singular

From 'sam' + √bhū. Augmented form of imperfect.

Prefix: sam

Root: bhū (class 1)

स (sa) - that (king) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Masculine nominative singular of 'tad' before a sibilant.

राजा (rājā) - king (king, ruler)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, sovereign

Root: rāj (class 1)

वदताम् (vadatām) - of speakers (of those who speak, among speakers)

(participle)

Genitive, masculine, plural of vadat

vadat - speaking, speaker

Present active participle

Present participle of √vad

Root: vad (class 1)

वरः (varaḥ) - best (O best among speakers) (best, excellent, boon, choice)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vara

vara - best, excellent, choicest, boon

From √vṛ 'to choose'

Root: vṛ (class 5)

Note: In apposition to implied address to Vyasa, hence vocative sense.

कथं (kathaṁ) - how (how, in what manner, of what kind)

(indeclinable)

From 'kim' + 'thām' suffix

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

जातरूपेण (jātarūpeṇa) - with gold (with gold, by nature)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of jātarūpa

jātarūpa - gold, beautiful form, natural form, innate nature

Compound type : karmadhāraya (jāta+rūpa)

• jāta – born, produced, become
  adjective (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  P.P.P. of √jan 'to be born'
  Root: jan (class 4)
• rūpa – form, shape, beauty, nature
  noun (neuter)
  From √rūp 'to shape'
  Root: rūp (class 10)

समयुज्यत (samayujyata) - he became associated (with) (he was united, he was joined, he was endowed)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, imperfect (laṅ) of yuj

imperfect passive indicative 3rd singular

From 'sam' + √yuj, passive voice. Augmented form of imperfect.

Prefix: sam

Root: yuj (class 7)

स (sa) - that (king, implied) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Masculine nominative singular of 'tad' before a sibilant.

द्विज (dvija) - O twice-born (dvija) (addressing Vyasa) (O brahmin, O twice-born)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of dvija

dvija - twice-born (epithet for Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas after initiation; also bird, tooth, serpent)

From 'dvi' (twice) + √jan (to be born).

Compound type : tatpurusha (dvi+jan)

• dvi – two, twice
  numeral
• jan – to be born, to produce
  verb
  verbal root
  Null, as it's a root. Used here for nominal derivation.
  Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Vocative singular.