महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-14, chapter-4, verse-18

तस्य सर्वे महीपाला वर्तन्ते स्म वशे तदा ।
स हि सम्राडभूत्तेषां वृत्तेन च बलेन च ॥१८॥

18. tasya sarve mahīpālā vartante sma vaśe tadā ,
sa hi samrāḍabhūtteṣāṁ vṛttena ca balena ca.

18. tasya sarve mahīpālāḥ vartante sma vaśe tadā
saḥ hi samrāṭ abhūt teṣām vṛttena ca balena ca

18. tadā sarve mahīpālāḥ tasya vaśe vartante sma
hi saḥ teṣām samrāṭ abhūt vṛttena ca balena ca

18. At that time, all kings were under his control; for he indeed became their emperor by his excellent conduct and by his power.

Words meanings summery:

• तस्य (tasya) - his, of him, of that

• सर्वे (sarve) - all, every

• महीपालाः (mahīpālāḥ) - kings, protectors of the earth

• वर्तन्ते (vartante) - they are, they exist, they abide

• स्म (sma) - particle indicating past action

• वशे (vaśe) - in control, under subjection, obedient

• तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

• सः (saḥ) - he, that (one)

• हि (hi) - indeed, for, because

• सम्राट् (samrāṭ) - emperor, universal monarch, sovereign

• अभूत् (abhūt) - he became, he was

• तेषाम् (teṣām) - of them, their

• वृत्तेन (vṛttena) - by conduct, by character, by behavior

• च (ca) - and

• बलेन (balena) - by strength, by power, by force

• च (ca) - and

Words meanings and morphology

तस्य (tasya) - his, of him, of that

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to Karaṃdhama.

सर्वे (sarve) - all, every

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole

Note: Agrees with mahīpālāḥ.

महीपालाः (mahīpālāḥ) - kings, protectors of the earth

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of mahīpāla

mahīpāla - king, protector of the earth

Compound: mahī (earth) + pāla (protector)

Compound type : tatpurusha (mahī+pāla)

• mahī – earth, ground
  noun (feminine)
• pāla – protector, guardian
  noun (masculine)
  From root pā (to protect)
  Root: pā (class 2)

Note: Subject of vartante sma.

वर्तन्ते (vartante) - they are, they exist, they abide

(verb)

3rd person , plural, middle, present (laṭ) of vṛt

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Used with sma to indicate past habitual action.

स्म (sma) - particle indicating past action

(indeclinable)

Note: Turns present tense vartante into past imperfect/habitual.

वशे (vaśe) - in control, under subjection, obedient

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of vaśa

vaśa - will, power, control, subjection

Note: In his control.

तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

(indeclinable)

Note: Time indicator.

सः (saḥ) - he, that (one)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to Karaṃdhama.

हि (hi) - indeed, for, because

(indeclinable)

Note: Particle expressing cause or emphasis.

सम्राट् (samrāṭ) - emperor, universal monarch, sovereign

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of samrāj

samrāj - emperor, universal monarch, sovereign ruler

Compound: sam (together, fully) + rāj (ruler)

Compound type : tatpurusha (sam+rāj)

• sam – together, completely, well
  indeclinable
• rāj – ruler, king
  noun (masculine)
  From root rāj (to rule, shine)
  Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: Predicate nominative for saḥ.

अभूत् (abhūt) - he became, he was

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, aorist (luṅ) of bhū

Prefix: a

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Aorist form of bhū.

तेषाम् (teṣām) - of them, their

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to mahīpālāḥ.

वृत्तेन (vṛttena) - by conduct, by character, by behavior

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of vṛtta

vṛtta - conduct, behavior, character, occurrence, existence

Derived from root vṛt (to be, exist)

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Indicates the means by which he became emperor.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects vṛttena and balena.

बलेन (balena) - by strength, by power, by force

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of bala

bala - strength, power, force, army, might

Note: Indicates the means by which he became emperor.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects vṛttena and balena.