महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-2, verse-5

स बालस्तेजसा युक्तः सूतपुत्रत्वमागतः ।
चकाराङ्गिरसां श्रेष्ठे धनुर्वेदं गुरौ तव ॥५॥

5. sa bālastejasā yuktaḥ sūtaputratvamāgataḥ ,
cakārāṅgirasāṁ śreṣṭhe dhanurvedaṁ gurau tava.

5. saḥ bālaḥ tejasā yuktaḥ sūtaputratvam āgataḥ |
cakāra aṅgirasām śreṣṭhe dhanurvedam gurau tava

5. saḥ bālaḥ tejasā yuktaḥ sūtaputratvam āgataḥ,
tava gurau aṅgirasām śreṣṭhe dhanurvedam cakāra

5. He, as a boy, endowed with splendor, though having attained the status of a charioteer's son, studied the science of archery (dhanurveda) from your preeminent teacher (guru), the best among the Aṅgirases.

Words meanings summery:

• सः (saḥ) - Karna (he, that)

• बालः (bālaḥ) - as a child (boy, child, young)

• तेजसा (tejasā) - by splendor, by energy, by fiery might

• युक्तः (yuktaḥ) - endowed with, joined, connected, proper

• सूतपुत्रत्वम् (sūtaputratvam) - the state of being a charioteer's son

• आगतः (āgataḥ) - having arrived, having attained, reached

• चकार (cakāra) - he practiced or studied (the science of archery) (he did, he made, he performed, he studied)

• अङ्गिरसाम् (aṅgirasām) - of the Aṅgirases, among the Aṅgirases

• श्रेष्ठे (śreṣṭhe) - in the best, to the best, chief, excellent

• धनुर्वेदम् (dhanurvedam) - the science of archery

• गुरौ (gurau) - from the teacher (guru) Droṇa (from the teacher, in the teacher)

• तव (tava) - your (Yudhiṣṭhira's) teacher (your (genitive singular))

Words meanings and morphology

सः (saḥ) - Karna (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

बालः (bālaḥ) - as a child (boy, child, young)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bāla

bāla - child, boy, young, immature

Note: Used here as a nominative singular, indicating 'the boy' or 'as a boy'.

तेजसा (tejasā) - by splendor, by energy, by fiery might

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of tejas

tejas - splendor, radiance, energy, might, fiery power

युक्तः (yuktaḥ) - endowed with, joined, connected, proper

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yukta

yukta - joined, connected, endowed with, proper, appropriate

Past Passive Participle

From root yuj (to join, connect).

Root: yuj (class 7)

Note: Agrees with 'saḥ bālaḥ'.

सूतपुत्रत्वम् (sūtaputratvam) - the state of being a charioteer's son

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of sūtaputratva

sūtaputratva - the state or condition of being a charioteer's son

Compound of sūtaputra (charioteer's son) and -tva (suffix forming abstract nouns).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (sūtaputra+tva)

• sūtaputra – son of a charioteer
  noun (masculine)
  Compound of sūta (charioteer) and putra (son).
• -tva – suffix denoting state, condition, abstract quality
  suffix (neuter)

Note: Object of 'āgataḥ' (having attained).

आगतः (āgataḥ) - having arrived, having attained, reached

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of āgata

āgata - come, arrived, attained, reached

Past Passive Participle

From root gam (to go) with upasarga ā (towards).

Prefix: ā

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'saḥ bālaḥ'. Functions adverbially 'having attained'.

चकार (cakāra) - he practiced or studied (the science of archery) (he did, he made, he performed, he studied)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) (lit) of kṛ

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: In context of 'dhanurvedam', it means 'he practiced' or 'he studied'.

अङ्गिरसाम् (aṅgirasām) - of the Aṅgirases, among the Aṅgirases

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of aṅgiras

aṅgiras - name of a class of celestial beings, ancient sages, descendants of Aṅgiras (a Vedic sage)

Note: Used with 'śreṣṭhe' to mean 'best among them'.

श्रेष्ठे (śreṣṭhe) - in the best, to the best, chief, excellent

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of śreṣṭha

śreṣṭha - best, excellent, chief, preeminent

Superlative degree of 'praśasya' (praiseworthy).

Note: Agrees with 'gurau'.

धनुर्वेदम् (dhanurvedam) - the science of archery

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dhanurveda

dhanurveda - the science of archery, a branch of the Upaveda (auxiliary Veda)

Compound of dhanus (bow) and veda (knowledge, science).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dhanus+veda)

• dhanus – bow
  noun (neuter)
• veda – knowledge, sacred knowledge, science
  noun (masculine)
  From root vid (to know).
  Root: vid (class 2)

Note: Object of 'cakāra'.

गुरौ (gurau) - from the teacher (guru) Droṇa (from the teacher, in the teacher)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of guru

guru - teacher, spiritual preceptor, heavy, important

Note: Locative often implies 'from' or 'under the instruction of' with verbs of learning.

तव (tava) - your (Yudhiṣṭhira's) teacher (your (genitive singular))

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you (pronoun)

Note: Possessive pronoun modifying 'gurau'.