योगवासिष्ठः yogavāsiṣṭhaḥ - book-4, chapter-19, verse-8

श्रीराम उवाच ।
जाग्रत्स्वप्नदशाभेदं भगवन्वक्तुमर्हसि ।
कथं च जाग्रज्जाग्रत्स्यात्स्वप्नो जाग्रद्भमः कथम् ॥ ८ ॥

śrīrāma uvāca ,
jāgratsvapnadaśābhedaṃ bhagavanvaktumarhasi ,
kathaṃ ca jāgrajjāgratsyātsvapno jāgradbhamaḥ katham 8

8. śrīrāmaḥ uvāca jāgratsvapnadaśābhedam bhagavan vaktum arhasi
katham ca jāgrat jāgrat syāt svapnaḥ jāgradbhramaḥ katham

8. Śrī Rāma said: O Venerable One, you should explain the distinction between the waking and dream states. Furthermore, how can the waking state truly be waking, and how can a dream be considered an illusion within the waking state?

Words meanings summery:

• श्रीरामः (śrīrāmaḥ) - Śrī Rāma

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• जाग्रत्स्वप्नदशाभेदम् (jāgratsvapnadaśābhedam) - distinction of waking and dream states

• भगवन् (bhagavan) - An address to Vasiṣṭha. (O Venerable One, O Lord)

• वक्तुम् (vaktum) - to speak, to explain

• अर्हसि (arhasi) - you are able, you ought, you should

• कथम् (katham) - how? in what manner?

• च (ca) - and, also, furthermore

• जाग्रत् (jāgrat) - The waking state. (waking, awake)

• जाग्रत् (jāgrat) - Truly waking. (waking, awake)

• स्यात् (syāt) - may be, should be, would be

• स्वप्नः (svapnaḥ) - The dream state. (dream, sleep)

• जाग्रद्भ्रमः (jāgradbhramaḥ) - waking illusion, illusion in the waking state

• कथम् (katham) - how? in what manner?

Words meanings and morphology

श्रीरामः (śrīrāmaḥ) - Śrī Rāma

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śrīrāma

śrīrāma - An epithet for Rāma, usually denoting respect or auspiciousness.

Compound type : karmadhāraya (śrī+rāma)

• śrī – splendor, wealth, auspiciousness, revered
  noun (feminine)
• rāma – Rāma (a proper name), pleasing, black
  proper noun (masculine)

Note: Subject of 'said'.

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular

Irregular perfect form from root `vac`.

Root: vac (class 2)

जाग्रत्स्वप्नदशाभेदम् (jāgratsvapnadaśābhedam) - distinction of waking and dream states

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of jāgratsvapnadaśābheda

jāgratsvapnadaśābheda - distinction of waking and dream states

Compound type : tatpurusha (jāgrat+svapna+daśā+bheda)

• jāgrat – waking, awake
  adjective
  Present Active Participle
  From root `jāgṛ`
  Root: jāgṛ (class 2)
• svapna – dream, sleep
  noun (masculine)
  From root `svap`
  Root: svap (class 2)
• daśā – state, condition
  noun (feminine)
• bheda – distinction, difference
  noun (masculine)
  From root `bhid`
  Root: bhid (class 7)

Note: Object of 'vaktum'.

भगवन् (bhagavan) - An address to Vasiṣṭha. (O Venerable One, O Lord)

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, singular of bhagavat

bhagavat - blessed, fortunate, divine, venerable, lord

From `bhaga` (good fortune) + suffix `vat`.

वक्तुम् (vaktum) - to speak, to explain

(verb)

active, infinitive (tumun) of vac

Infinitive

Formed with suffix `tumun`.

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Used with `arhasi`.

अर्हसि (arhasi) - you are able, you ought, you should

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of arh

Present tense, 2nd person singular

Root: arh (class 1)

कथम् (katham) - how? in what manner?

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - and, also, furthermore

(indeclinable)

जाग्रत् (jāgrat) - The waking state. (waking, awake)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of jāgrat

jāgrat - waking, awake, watchful

Present Active Participle

From root `jāgṛ` (to wake, be awake).

Root: jāgṛ (class 2)

Note: Subject of `syāt`.

जाग्रत् (jāgrat) - Truly waking. (waking, awake)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of jāgrat

jāgrat - waking, awake, watchful

Present Active Participle

From root `jāgṛ` (to wake, be awake).

Root: jāgṛ (class 2)

स्यात् (syāt) - may be, should be, would be

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (liṅ) of as

Optative mood, 3rd person singular

From root `as` (to be).

Root: as (class 2)

स्वप्नः (svapnaḥ) - The dream state. (dream, sleep)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of svapna

svapna - sleep, dream, dreaming

From root `svap` (to sleep).

Root: svap (class 2)

Note: Subject.

जाग्रद्भ्रमः (jāgradbhramaḥ) - waking illusion, illusion in the waking state

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jāgradbhrama

jāgradbhrama - illusion of the waking state, waking delusion

Compound type : tatpurusha (jāgrat+bhrama)

• jāgrat – waking, awake
  adjective
  Present Active Participle
  From root `jāgṛ`
  Root: jāgṛ (class 2)
• bhrama – illusion, error
  noun (masculine)
  From root `bhram`
  Root: bhram (class 1)

Note: Predicate noun for `svapnaḥ`.

कथम् (katham) - how? in what manner?

(indeclinable)