वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-3, chapter-51, verse-1

खमुत्पतन्तं तं दृष्ट्वा मैथिली जनकात्मजा ।
दुःखिता परमोद्विग्ना भये महति वर्तिनी ॥१॥

1. khamutpatantaṃ taṃ dṛṣṭvā maithilī janakātmajā ,
duḥkhitā paramodvignā bhaye mahati vartinī.

1. kham utpatantam tam dṛṣṭvā maithilī janakātmajā
duḥkhitā paramodvignā bhaye mahati vartinī

1. maithilī janakātmajā tam kham utpatantam dṛṣṭvā
duḥkhitā paramodvignā mahati bhaye vartinī

1. Seeing him (Ravana) flying up into the sky, Maithili (Sita), Janaka's daughter, was distressed and extremely agitated, abiding in great fear.

Words meanings summery:

• खम् (kham) - the sky (sky, atmosphere, space)

• उत्पतन्तम् (utpatantam) - flying up (flying up, rising, ascending)

• तम् (tam) - him (Ravana) (him, that (masculine))

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen (having seen, seeing)

• मैथिली (maithilī) - Sita (Maithili (Sita, daughter of Mithila))

• जनकात्मजा (janakātmajā) - Janaka's daughter (daughter of Janaka)

• दुःखिता (duḥkhitā) - distressed (distressed, sorrowful, unhappy)

• परमोद्विग्ना (paramodvignā) - extremely agitated (extremely agitated, greatly distressed)

• भये (bhaye) - in fear (in fear, by fear)

• महति (mahati) - great (great, large, immense)

• वर्तिनी (vartinī) - abiding (abiding, existing, being, dwelling (feminine))

Words meanings and morphology

खम् (kham) - the sky (sky, atmosphere, space)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of kha

kha - sky, atmosphere, space, ether

From root khan (to dig, related to emptiness/space).

Root: khan (class 1)

उत्पतन्तम् (utpatantam) - flying up (flying up, rising, ascending)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of utpatant

utpatant - flying up, rising (masculine form)

Present Active Participle

From ut-pat (to fly up) + śatṛ (active participle suffix).

Prefix: ut

Root: pat (class 1)

तम् (tam) - him (Ravana) (him, that (masculine))

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Refers to Ravana.

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen (having seen, seeing)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From root dṛś (to see) + ktvā (absolutive suffix)

Root: dṛś (class 1)

मैथिली (maithilī) - Sita (Maithili (Sita, daughter of Mithila))

(proper noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of maithilī

maithilī - Maithili (name of Sita, meaning "daughter of Mithila")

From mithila (the city/kingdom) + ī (feminine patronymic suffix).

Note: Subject of the sentence.

जनकात्मजा (janakātmajā) - Janaka's daughter (daughter of Janaka)

(proper noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of janakātmajā

janakātmajā - daughter of Janaka (feminine form)

Tatpurusha compound: janaka (Janaka) + ātmajā (daughter).

Compound type : tatpurusha (janaka+ātmajā)

• janaka – Janaka (proper noun, name of Sita's father)
  proper noun (masculine)
  Root: jan (class 4)
• ātmajā – daughter, born of oneself (feminine form)
  noun (feminine)
  From ātman (self) + jā (born).
  Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Appositive to maithilī.

दुःखिता (duḥkhitā) - distressed (distressed, sorrowful, unhappy)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of duḥkhitā

duḥkhitā - distressed, sorrowful (feminine form)

Past Passive Participle

From duḥkha (distress) + ita (suffix indicating state or possession).

परमोद्विग्ना (paramodvignā) - extremely agitated (extremely agitated, greatly distressed)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of paramodvignā

paramodvignā - extremely agitated, greatly distressed (feminine form)

Tatpurusha compound: parama (supreme, extreme) + udvignā (agitated).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (parama+udvignā)

• parama – supreme, highest, extreme
  adjective
  Superlative form.
• udvignā – agitated, disturbed, terrified (feminine form)
  adjective (feminine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From ud-vij (to be agitated) + kta + ā.
  Prefix: ud
  Root: vij (class 6)

भये (bhaye) - in fear (in fear, by fear)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of bhaya

bhaya - fear, dread, alarm

From root bhī (to fear) + a suffix.

Root: bhī (class 3)

महति (mahati) - great (great, large, immense)

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of mahat

mahat - great, large, important, mighty

Present active participle of mah (to be great) functioning as an adjective.

Root: mah (class 1)

वर्तिनी (vartinī) - abiding (abiding, existing, being, dwelling (feminine))

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of vartinī

vartinī - abiding, existing, being (feminine form)

Present Active Participle

From root vṛt (to be, exist, turn) + inī (feminine suffix for agent noun/participle).

Root: vṛt (class 1)