वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-3, chapter-21, verse-17

निशाम्य तं रथगतं राक्षसा भीमविक्रमाः ।
तस्थुः संपरिवार्यैनं दूषणं च महाबलम् ॥१७॥

17. niśāmya taṃ rathagataṃ rākṣasā bhīmavikramāḥ ,
tasthuḥ saṃparivāryainaṃ dūṣaṇaṃ ca mahābalam.

17. niśāmya tam rathagatam rākṣasāḥ bhīmavikramāḥ
tasthuḥ saṃparivārya enam dūṣaṇam ca mahābalam

17. bhīmavikramāḥ rākṣasāḥ tam rathagatam niśāmya
enam ca mahābalam dūṣaṇam saṃparivārya tasthuḥ

17. The Rākṣasas of terrible valor, having observed him (Khara) mounted on the chariot, stood surrounding him and the mighty Dūṣaṇa.

Words meanings summery:

• निशाम्य (niśāmya) - having seen, observing, perceiving

• तम् (tam) - him (Khara) (him, that)

• रथगतम् (rathagatam) - mounted on the chariot, gone to the chariot

• राक्षसाः (rākṣasāḥ) - Rākṣasas (demons)

• भीमविक्रमाः (bhīmavikramāḥ) - of terrible valor, mighty

• तस्थुः (tasthuḥ) - stood

• संपरिवार्य (saṁparivārya) - having surrounded, enclosing

• एनम् (enam) - him (Khara) (him)

• दूषणम् (dūṣaṇam) - Dūṣaṇa (a Rākṣasa leader) (Dūṣaṇa)

• च (ca) - and

• महाबलम् (mahābalam) - very powerful, mighty

Words meanings and morphology

निशाम्य (niśāmya) - having seen, observing, perceiving

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Formed from root śam with prefix ni. The -ya suffix indicates the absolutive for roots with prefixes.

Prefix: ni

Root: śam (class 1)

तम् (tam) - him (Khara) (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he/she/it

Demonstrative pronoun, masculine accusative singular.

Note: Object of 'niśāmya'.

रथगतम् (rathagatam) - mounted on the chariot, gone to the chariot

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of rathagata

rathagata - mounted on a chariot, gone to a chariot

Tatpuruṣa compound, meaning 'gone to/on the chariot'. The second element 'gata' is a Past Passive Participle.

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ratha+gata)

• ratha – chariot
  noun (masculine)
  Root: ram (class 1)
• gata – gone, reached, attained
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From root gam (to go). Formed by adding -ta suffix.
  Root: gam (class 1)

राक्षसाः (rākṣasāḥ) - Rākṣasas (demons)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of rākṣasa

rākṣasa - Rākṣasa (a class of demons/ogres)

Root: rakṣ (class 1)

Note: Subject of 'tasthuḥ'.

भीमविक्रमाः (bhīmavikramāḥ) - of terrible valor, mighty

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of bhīmavikrama

bhīmavikrama - having terrible valor, terribly mighty

Bahuvrīhi compound, meaning 'whose valor is terrible'. It describes the Rākṣasas.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (bhīma+vikrama)

• bhīma – terrible, dreadful, formidable
  adjective
  From root bhī (to fear).
  Root: bhī (class 3)
• vikrama – valor, might, power, courage
  noun (masculine)
  From root kram (to step, go) with prefix vi.
  Prefix: vi
  Root: kram (class 1)

Note: Modifies 'rākṣasāḥ'.

तस्थुः (tasthuḥ) - stood

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, perfect past (liṭ) of sthā

Perfect tense, 3rd person plural, active voice

Reduplicated root sthā. Perfect tense (Liṭ).

Root: sthā (class 1)

संपरिवार्य (saṁparivārya) - having surrounded, enclosing

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Formed from root vṛ with prefixes sam and pari. The -ya suffix indicates the absolutive for roots with prefixes.

Prefixes: sam+pari

Root: vṛ (class 5)

एनम् (enam) - him (Khara) (him)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of enad

enad - this, that, him/her/it

Demonstrative pronoun, masculine accusative singular. Often used anaphorically.

Note: Object of 'saṃparivārya'.

दूषणम् (dūṣaṇam) - Dūṣaṇa (a Rākṣasa leader) (Dūṣaṇa)

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dūṣaṇa

dūṣaṇa - Dūṣaṇa (name of a Rākṣasa), fault, pollution

Root: dūṣ (class 1)

Note: Object of 'saṃparivārya'.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

महाबलम् (mahābalam) - very powerful, mighty

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of mahābala

mahābala - great strength, very powerful

Bahuvrīhi compound, meaning 'who has great strength'. Functions as an adjective for Dūṣaṇa.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (mahā+bala)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
  From mahat.
• bala – strength, power, force
  noun (neuter)
  Root: bal (class 1)