महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-12, verse-30

अश्वैर्विनीतैर्जवनैस्तत्र तत्र समागतैः ।
तोषयामास नकुलो राजानं राजसत्तम ॥३०॥

30. aśvairvinītairjavanaistatra tatra samāgataiḥ ,
toṣayāmāsa nakulo rājānaṁ rājasattama.

30. aśvaiḥ vinītaiḥ javanaiḥ tatra tatra samāgataiḥ
toṣayām āsa nakulaḥ rājānam rājasattama

30. With well-trained, swift horses that he gathered from various places, Nakula pleased the king, who was the best among kings.

30. הו מלך משובח, נַקוּלַה שימח את המלך בסוסים מאולפים ומהירים שהגיעו לשם מכל מקום.

Words meanings summery:

• अश्वैः (aśvaiḥ) - by horses, with horses

• विनीतैः (vinītaiḥ) - by trained, disciplined (ones)

• जवनैः (javanaiḥ) - by swift, quick (ones)

• तत्र (tatra) - there, in that place

• तत्र (tatra) - there, in that place

• समागतैः (samāgataiḥ) - by gathered, assembled (ones)

• तोषयाम् (toṣayām) - having pleased (part of periphrastic perfect)

• आस (āsa) - was (auxiliary verb for periphrastic perfect)

• नकुलः (nakulaḥ) - Nakula

• राजानम् (rājānam) - King Virāṭa (the king (accusative))

• राजसत्तम (rājasattama) - the best of kings (an epithet for King Virāṭa) (O best of kings, best king)

Words meanings and morphology

अश्वैः (aśvaiḥ) - by horses, with horses

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of aśva

aśva - horse

विनीतैः (vinītaiḥ) - by trained, disciplined (ones)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of vinīta

vinīta - trained, disciplined, well-behaved

Past Passive Participle

from vi + nī 'to lead'

Prefix: vi

Root: nī (class 1)

Note: Qualifies `aśvaiḥ`.

जवनैः (javanaiḥ) - by swift, quick (ones)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of javana

javana - swift, quick, speedy

from root ju 'to move swiftly'

Root: ju (class 1)

Note: Qualifies `aśvaiḥ`.

तत्र (tatra) - there, in that place

(indeclinable)

तत्र (tatra) - there, in that place

(indeclinable)

समागतैः (samāgataiḥ) - by gathered, assembled (ones)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of samāgata

samāgata - come together, assembled, gathered

Past Passive Participle

from sam + ā + gam 'to come together'

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Qualifies `aśvaiḥ`.

तोषयाम् (toṣayām) - having pleased (part of periphrastic perfect)

(verb)

Causative stem + ām (part of Periphrastic Perfect)

Causative stem: toṣaya-. With -ām for Periphrastic Perfect.

Root: tuṣ (class 4)

आस (āsa) - was (auxiliary verb for periphrastic perfect)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of as

Perfect Active

Perfect 3rd sg. Parasmaipada of as 'to be', used as auxiliary for periphrastic perfect.

Root: as (class 2)

नकुलः (nakulaḥ) - Nakula

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nakula

nakula - Nakula (one of the Pāṇḍavas)

Note: Subject of 'toṣayām āsa'.

राजानम् (rājānam) - King Virāṭa (the king (accusative))

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

Note: Object of 'toṣayām āsa'.

राजसत्तम (rājasattama) - the best of kings (an epithet for King Virāṭa) (O best of kings, best king)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of rājasattama

rājasattama - best of kings

Compound of rājan and sattama (superlative of sat)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (rājan+sattama)

• rājan – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)
• sattama – best, most excellent
  adjective (masculine)
  Superlative suffix -tama added to 'sat' (good/existent)

Note: An epithet for King Virāṭa, here in the accusative case.

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