वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-5, chapter-54, verse-16

स तमारुह्य शैलेन्द्रं व्यवर्धत महाकपिः ।
दक्षिणादुत्तरं पारं प्रार्थयंल् लवणाम्भसः ॥१६॥

16. sa tamāruhya śailendraṃ vyavardhata mahākapiḥ ,
dakṣiṇāduttaraṃ pāraṃ prārthayaṃl lavaṇāmbhasaḥ.

16. saḥ tam āruhya śailendram vyavardhata mahākapiḥ
dakṣiṇāt uttaram pāram prārthayan lavaṇāmbhasaḥ

16. saḥ mahākapiḥ tam śailendram āruhya,
lavaṇāmbhasaḥ dakṣiṇāt uttaram pāram prārthayan vyavardhata

16. Having climbed that king of mountains, the great monkey (mahākapi) expanded his form, intending to reach the northern shore of the salty ocean from the south.

Words meanings summery:

• सः (saḥ) - he (Hanumān) (he, that)

• तम् (tam) - that (mountain) (him, that)

• आरुह्य (āruhya) - having climbed (having ascended, having climbed)

• शैलेन्द्रम् (śailendram) - king of mountains (referring to Mahendra mountain) (king of mountains, best mountain)

• व्यवर्धत (vyavardhata) - he expanded his form (he grew, expanded, increased)

• महाकपिः (mahākapiḥ) - the great monkey (Hanumān) (great monkey)

• दक्षिणात् (dakṣiṇāt) - from the south (from the south, from the right)

• उत्तरम् (uttaram) - northern (shore) (northern, higher, later, answer)

• पारम् (pāram) - shore (shore, bank, opposite side, goal)

• प्रार्थयन् (prārthayan) - intending to reach, desiring (desiring, wishing for, praying)

• लवणाम्भसः (lavaṇāmbhasaḥ) - of the salty ocean (of the salty water, of the salty ocean)

Words meanings and morphology

सः (saḥ) - he (Hanumān) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Subject of the sentence.

तम् (tam) - that (mountain) (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Object of 'āruhya'.

आरुह्य (āruhya) - having climbed (having ascended, having climbed)

(indeclinable)

Gerund (absolutive)

Formed from root 'ruh' (to grow, ascend) with upasarga 'ā-'.

Prefix: ā

Root: ruh (class 1)

Note: Expresses an action completed before the main verb.

शैलेन्द्रम् (śailendram) - king of mountains (referring to Mahendra mountain) (king of mountains, best mountain)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of śailendra

śailendra - chief of mountains, king of mountains

Compound of 'śaila' (mountain) and 'indra' (chief, best).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śaila+indra)

• śaila – mountain, rock
  noun (masculine)
• indra – chief, lord, king
  noun (masculine)

Note: Object of 'āruhya'.

व्यवर्धत (vyavardhata) - he expanded his form (he grew, expanded, increased)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, imperfect (laṅ) of vṛdh

Imperfect tense, middle voice. Uses multiple prefixes 'vi-ava-'.

Prefixes: vi+ava

Root: vṛdh (class 1)

Note: Main verb of the sentence.

महाकपिः (mahākapiḥ) - the great monkey (Hanumān) (great monkey)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahākapi

mahākapi - great monkey

Compound of 'mahā' (great) and 'kapi' (monkey).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+kapi)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• kapi – monkey, ape
  noun (masculine)

Note: Subject.

दक्षिणात् (dakṣiṇāt) - from the south (from the south, from the right)

(indeclinable)

Used as an adverbial ablative.

Note: Indicates starting point of the journey.

उत्तरम् (uttaram) - northern (shore) (northern, higher, later, answer)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of uttara

uttara - northern, upper, later, subsequent, an answer

Note: Modifies 'pāram'.

पारम् (pāram) - shore (shore, bank, opposite side, goal)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of pāra

pāra - the opposite bank or shore, goal, limit, end

Root: pṛ (class 3)

Note: Object of 'prārthayan'.

प्रार्थयन् (prārthayan) - intending to reach, desiring (desiring, wishing for, praying)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of prārthayat

prārth - to wish, desire, pray for

Present Active Participle

Formed from root 'arth' (to ask, request) with upasarga 'pra-'. The 'th' is a secondary derivation.

Prefix: pra

Root: arth (class 10)

Note: Describes the action of the main subject.

लवणाम्भसः (lavaṇāmbhasaḥ) - of the salty ocean (of the salty water, of the salty ocean)

(noun)

Genitive, neuter, singular of lavaṇāmbhas

lavaṇāmbhas - salty water, ocean

Compound of 'lavaṇa' (salt, salty) and 'ambhas' (water, ocean).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (lavaṇa+ambhas)

• lavaṇa – salt, salty
  noun/adjective (neuter)
• ambhas – water, fluid, ocean
  noun (neuter)

Note: Possessive, describing 'pāram'.