वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-3, chapter-23, verse-22

तेन शब्देन वित्रस्ताः श्वापदा वनचारिणः ।
दुद्रुवुर्यत्र निःशब्दं पृष्ठतो नावलोकयन् ॥२२॥

22. tena śabdena vitrastāḥ śvāpadā vanacāriṇaḥ ,
dudruvuryatra niḥśabdaṃ pṛṣṭhato nāvalokayan.

22. tena śabdena vitrastāḥ śvāpadāḥ vanacāriṇaḥ
dudruvuḥ yatra niḥśabdam pṛṣṭhataḥ na avalokayan

22. tena śabdena vitrastāḥ vanacāriṇaḥ śvāpadāḥ
yatra niḥśabdam dudruvuḥ pṛṣṭhataḥ na avalokayan

22. Terrified by that sound, the wild animals that dwelled in the forest fled to where it was silent, without looking back.

Words meanings summery:

• तेन (tena) - by that (sound) (by that, with that)

• शब्देन (śabdena) - by that sound (by sound, by noise)

• वित्रस्ताः (vitrastāḥ) - terrified (by the sound) (terrified, frightened)

• श्वापदाः (śvāpadāḥ) - wild beasts (wild animals, beasts of prey)

• वनचारिणः (vanacāriṇaḥ) - (the) forest dwellers (forest dwellers, inhabitants of the forest)

• दुद्रुवुः (dudruvuḥ) - they fled (they ran, they fled)

• यत्र (yatra) - to where (where, in which place)

• निःशब्दम् (niḥśabdam) - (to a place) without sound, silently (silently, without sound, quiet place)

• पृष्ठतः (pṛṣṭhataḥ) - behind them (from behind, behind, at the back)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• अवलोकयन् (avalokayan) - looking (looking, observing)

Words meanings and morphology

तेन (tena) - by that (sound) (by that, with that)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Instrumental singular, agreeing with 'śabdena'.

शब्देन (śabdena) - by that sound (by sound, by noise)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of śabda

śabda - sound, noise, word, speech

Root: śabd (class 10)

Note: Instrumental singular, cause of terror.

वित्रस्ताः (vitrastāḥ) - terrified (by the sound) (terrified, frightened)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vitrasta

vitrasta - terrified, frightened, alarmed, trembling

Past Passive Participle

Root 'tras' (to tremble, fear) with prefix 'vi'.

Prefix: vi

Root: tras (class 1)

Note: Nominative plural, qualifying 'śvāpadāḥ' and 'vanacāriṇaḥ'.

श्वापदाः (śvāpadāḥ) - wild beasts (wild animals, beasts of prey)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of śvāpada

śvāpada - wild animal, beast of prey, carnivorous animal

Compound of 'śvan' (dog) + 'pada' (foot/prey).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (śvan+pada)

• śvan – dog
  noun (masculine)
• pada – foot, step, word, trace
  noun (neuter)
  Root 'pad' (to go, move)
  Root: pad (class 4)

Note: Subject of 'dudruvuḥ'.

वनचारिणः (vanacāriṇaḥ) - (the) forest dwellers (forest dwellers, inhabitants of the forest)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vanacārin

vanacārin - forest dweller, moving in the forest, forest-roaming

Compound of 'vana' (forest) + 'cārin' (moving, dwelling).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (vana+cārin)

• vana – forest, wood, grove
  noun (neuter)
  Root: van (class 8)
• cārin – moving, roaming, dwelling, going
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent Noun suffix '-in' from root 'car'.
  Root: car (class 1)

Note: Nominative plural, qualifying 'śvāpadāḥ'.

दुद्रुवुः (dudruvuḥ) - they fled (they ran, they fled)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, perfect (lit) of dru

Perfect tense, 3rd person plural

Reduplicated root 'dru' in perfect tense.

Root: dru (class 1)

यत्र (yatra) - to where (where, in which place)

(indeclinable)

Relative adverb of place.

निःशब्दम् (niḥśabdam) - (to a place) without sound, silently (silently, without sound, quiet place)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of niḥśabda

niḥśabda - without sound, silent, quiet

'nis-' (negative prefix) + 'śabda' (sound).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (nis+śabda)

• nis – out, away, without, negation
  indeclinable
• śabda – sound, noise
  noun (masculine)
  Root: śabd (class 10)

Note: Accusative singular neuter, functioning adverbially (like 'to a silent place').

पृष्ठतः (pṛṣṭhataḥ) - behind them (from behind, behind, at the back)

(indeclinable)

Formed from 'pṛṣṭha' (back) with the suffix '-tas'.

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Note: Negation for the verb 'avalokayan'.

अवलोकयन् (avalokayan) - looking (looking, observing)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, imperfect (laṅ) of avalokayat

Imperfect tense, 3rd person plural (from causative stem)

Causative stem of root 'lok' (to see) with prefix 'ava'. Form `avalokayan` is 3rd plural imperfect active. It can also be nominative singular present active participle, but context requires the finite verb.

Prefix: ava

Root: lok (class 10)

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