वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-3, chapter-15, verse-28

अत्यन्तसुखसंवृद्धः सुकुमारो हिमार्दितः ।
कथं त्वपररात्रेषु सरयूमवगाहते ॥२८॥

28. atyantasukhasaṃvṛddhaḥ sukumāro himārditaḥ ,
kathaṃ tvapararātreṣu sarayūmavagāhate.

28. atyantasukhasaṃvṛddhaḥ sukumāraḥ himārditaḥ
katham tu apararātreṣu sarayūm avagāhate

28. atyantasukhasaṃvṛddhaḥ sukumāraḥ himārditaḥ
tu katham apararātreṣu sarayūm avagāhate

28. But how can he, who has grown up in extreme comfort, so delicate and distressed by the cold, plunge into the Sarayu river in the late hours of the night (or early morning)?

Words meanings summery:

• अत्यन्तसुखसंवृद्धः (atyantasukhasaṁvṛddhaḥ) - grown up in extreme comfort

• सुकुमारः (sukumāraḥ) - delicate, tender, soft, very young

• हिमार्दितः (himārditaḥ) - afflicted by cold/snow, distressed by frost

• कथम् (katham) - how? why?

• तु (tu) - but, indeed, yet

• अपररात्रेषु (apararātreṣu) - in the latter parts of the night, in the early morning hours

• सरयूम् (sarayūm) - Sarayu (river)

• अवगाहते (avagāhate) - plunges into the water (of Sarayu) (plunges into, immerses oneself in, enters)

Words meanings and morphology

अत्यन्तसुखसंवृद्धः (atyantasukhasaṁvṛddhaḥ) - grown up in extreme comfort

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of atyantasukhasaṃvṛddha

atyantasukhasaṁvṛddha - grown up in extreme comfort

Compound

Compound type : bahuvrihi (atyanta+sukha+saṃvṛddha)

• atyanta – extreme, excessive, very much
  adjective (masculine)
  From ati + anta (end)
  Prefix: ati
• sukha – comfort, pleasure, happiness
  noun (neuter)
  From su (good) + kha (space)
• saṃvṛddha – grown up, increased, well-developed
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From sam + vṛdh (to grow)
  Prefix: sam
  Root: vṛdh (class 1)

Note: Qualifies the implied subject 'he'.

सुकुमारः (sukumāraḥ) - delicate, tender, soft, very young

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sukumāra

sukumāra - delicate, tender, soft, very young

Compound

Compound type : tatpurusha (su+kumāra)

• su – good, well, easily
  indeclinable
  Prefix/particle
• kumāra – young, boy, prince
  noun (masculine)

Note: Qualifies the implied subject 'he'.

हिमार्दितः (himārditaḥ) - afflicted by cold/snow, distressed by frost

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of himārdita

himārdita - afflicted by cold/snow, distressed by frost

Compound

Compound type : tatpurusha (hima+ardita)

• hima – snow, frost, cold
  noun (masculine)
  Root: hi
• ardita – afflicted, distressed, pained
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root ard (to pain, afflict)
  Root: ard (class 1)

Note: Qualifies the implied subject 'he'.

कथम् (katham) - how? why?

(indeclinable)

तु (tu) - but, indeed, yet

(indeclinable)

अपररात्रेषु (apararātreṣu) - in the latter parts of the night, in the early morning hours

(noun)

Locative, masculine, plural of apararātra

apararātra - latter part of the night, early morning

Compound

Compound type : tatpurusha (apara+rātra)

• apara – later, other, subsequent
  adjective (masculine)
• rātra – night
  noun (masculine)
  From rātri (night)

Note: Refers to the time of day.

सरयूम् (sarayūm) - Sarayu (river)

(proper noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of sarayū

sarayū - Sarayu (a sacred river)

अवगाहते (avagāhate) - plunges into the water (of Sarayu) (plunges into, immerses oneself in, enters)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of ava-gāh

Present Middle

Present middle 3rd singular

Prefix: ava

Root: gāh (class 1)

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