महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-165, verse-12

सर्वस्य जगतश्चैव गाङ्गेय न मृषा वदे ।
कुरूणामहितो नित्यं न च राजावबुध्यते ॥१२॥

12. sarvasya jagataścaiva gāṅgeya na mṛṣā vade ,
kurūṇāmahito nityaṁ na ca rājāvabudhyate.

12. sarvasya jagataḥ ca eva gāṅgeya na mṛṣā vade
| kurūṇām ahitaḥ nityam na ca rājā avabudhyate

12. gāṅgeya,
sarvasya jagataḥ ca eva na mṛṣā vade kurūṇām ahitaḥ nityam ca rājā na avabudhyate

12. O Gāṅgeya, I certainly do not speak falsely about the entire world. He is perpetually an enemy to the Kurus, and the king (Dhṛtarāṣṭra) does not comprehend this.

Words meanings summery:

• सर्वस्य (sarvasya) - of all, of the whole

• जगतः (jagataḥ) - of the world, of the moving

• च (ca) - and

• एव (eva) - indeed, certainly, only

• गाङ्गेय (gāṅgeya) - O Bhiṣma (O son of Gaṅgā)

• न (na) - not, no

• मृषा (mṛṣā) - falsely, untruly

• वदे (vade) - I do not speak (falsely) (I speak)

• कुरूणाम् (kurūṇām) - of the Kurus

• अहितः (ahitaḥ) - enemy, unfriendly, harmful

• नित्यम् (nityam) - always, perpetually, constantly

• न (na) - not, no

• च (ca) - and

• राजा (rājā) - King Dhṛtarāṣṭra (king)

• अवबुध्यते (avabudhyate) - he understands, he comprehends, he realizes

Words meanings and morphology

सर्वस्य (sarvasya) - of all, of the whole

(pronoun)

Genitive, neuter, singular of sarva

sarva - all, whole, entire

Note: Modifies 'jagataḥ'.

जगतः (jagataḥ) - of the world, of the moving

(noun)

Genitive, neuter, singular of jagat

jagat - world, universe; moving, living

Present Active Participle

From root gam ('to go, move'), with prefix jā (reduplication), meaning 'that which moves' or 'the world'.

Root: gam (class 1)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - indeed, certainly, only

(indeclinable)

गाङ्गेय (gāṅgeya) - O Bhiṣma (O son of Gaṅgā)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of gāṅgeya

gāṅgeya - son of Gaṅgā

Vr̥ddhi derivative from Gaṅgā, meaning 'son of Gaṅgā'.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

मृषा (mṛṣā) - falsely, untruly

(indeclinable)

वदे (vade) - I do not speak (falsely) (I speak)

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of vad

Root: vad (class 1)

Note: Can also be potential/optative, 'should speak', but here seems to be a statement of fact.

कुरूणाम् (kurūṇām) - of the Kurus

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of kuru

kuru - name of an ancient king; his descendants, the Kauravas

Note: Governs 'ahitaḥ'.

अहितः (ahitaḥ) - enemy, unfriendly, harmful

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ahita

ahita - enemy, foe; unfriendly, harmful

Past Passive Participle

Compound of na ('not') + hita ('beneficial', PPP of dhā with prefix hi)

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (na+hita)

• na – not, no
  indeclinable
• hita – beneficial, salutary, good
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root dhā with prefix hi, meaning 'placed, fixed, beneficial'.
  Prefix: hi
  Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Implied subject (e.g., Duryodhana).

नित्यम् (nityam) - always, perpetually, constantly

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverbial usage, modifying 'ahitaḥ' or the implied verb.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

राजा (rājā) - King Dhṛtarāṣṭra (king)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, prince

Note: Subject of 'avabudhyate'.

अवबुध्यते (avabudhyate) - he understands, he comprehends, he realizes

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of avabudh

Prefix ava + root budh ('to know', 4th class) + yate (middle voice, 3rd person singular ending)

Prefix: ava

Root: budh (class 4)