महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-1, verse-12

त्रयोदशश्चैव सुदुस्तरोऽयमज्ञायमानैर्भवतां समीपे ।
क्लेशानसह्यांश्च तितिक्षमाणैर्यथोषितं तद्विदितं च सर्वम् ॥१२॥

12. trayodaśaścaiva sudustaro'ya;majñāyamānairbhavatāṁ samīpe ,
kleśānasahyāṁśca titikṣamāṇai;ryathoṣitaṁ tadviditaṁ ca sarvam.

12. trayodaśaḥ ca eva su-dustaraḥ ayam
ajñāyamānaiḥ bhavatām samīpe
kleśān asahyān ca titikṣamāṇaiḥ
yathā uṣitam tat viditam ca sarvam

12. And this thirteenth year, which was very difficult to endure, was passed by them remaining unknown (incognito) in your presence, tolerating unbearable hardships. All of that, how they lived, is well-known.

Words meanings summery:

• त्रयोदशः (trayodaśaḥ) - thirteenth

• च (ca) - and, also

• एव (eva) - indeed, just, only

• सुदुस्तरः (sudustaraḥ) - very difficult to endure (very difficult to cross, very difficult to endure)

• अयम् (ayam) - this (year) (this (masculine))

• अज्ञायमानैः (ajñāyamānaiḥ) - by those remaining unknown (incognito) (by those not being known, by those remaining unknown, by those incognito)

• भवताम् (bhavatām) - of you (plural, honorific)

• समीपे (samīpe) - in your presence (near, in the proximity, in the presence)

• क्लेशान् (kleśān) - hardships, afflictions, troubles

• असह्यान् (asahyān) - unbearable, intolerable

• च (ca) - and, also

• तितिक्षमाणैः (titikṣamāṇaiḥ) - by those tolerating (by those enduring, by those tolerating)

• यथा (yathā) - how (as, just as, how)

• उषितम् (uṣitam) - lived (dwelt, lived, resided)

• तत् (tat) - all of that (that, all that)

• विदितम् (viditam) - well-known (known, understood)

• च (ca) - and, also

• सर्वम् (sarvam) - all of that (all, whole, entire)

Words meanings and morphology

त्रयोदशः (trayodaśaḥ) - thirteenth

(numeral adjective)

Compound type : dvigu (traya+daśan)

• traya – three
  numeral adjective
• daśan – ten
  numeral adjective

Note: Refers to the thirteenth year.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - indeed, just, only

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes 'trayodaśaḥ'.

सुदुस्तरः (sudustaraḥ) - very difficult to endure (very difficult to cross, very difficult to endure)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sudustara

sudustara - very difficult to cross, very difficult to pass, very hard to overcome

Compound of 'su-' (intensifier) and 'dustara' (difficult to cross/pass).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (su+dustara)

• su – good, well, very, easily
  indeclinable
• dustara – difficult to cross, difficult to pass, arduous
  adjective (masculine)
  Gerundive
  From root 'tṛ' (to cross) with upasarga 'dus'.
  Prefix: dus
  Root: tṛ (class 1)

Note: Agrees with the implied 'year'.

अयम् (ayam) - this (year) (this (masculine))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, these

Note: Agrees with 'trayodaśaḥ'.

अज्ञायमानैः (ajñāyamānaiḥ) - by those remaining unknown (incognito) (by those not being known, by those remaining unknown, by those incognito)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of ajñāyamāna

ajñāyamāna - not being known, unknown, unperceived

Present Middle Participle (passive sense)

From 'a' (negation) + root 'jñā' (to know) + 'yamāna' (middle participle suffix).

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+jñāyamāna)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
• jñāyamāna – being known, perceived
  adjective (masculine)
  Present Middle Participle
  Derived from root 'jñā' (to know).
  Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Agrees with implied Pāṇḍavas.

भवताम् (bhavatām) - of you (plural, honorific)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of bhavat

bhavat - you (honorific); being, existing

Root: bhū (class 1)

समीपे (samīpe) - in your presence (near, in the proximity, in the presence)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of samīpa

samīpa - near, proximity, vicinity, presence

क्लेशान् (kleśān) - hardships, afflictions, troubles

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of kleśa

kleśa - pain, trouble, affliction, distress, hardship

Root: kliś (class 9)

Note: Object of 'titikṣamāṇaiḥ'.

असह्यान् (asahyān) - unbearable, intolerable

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of asahya

asahya - unbearable, intolerable, difficult to endure

Gerundive (negative)

From 'a' (negation) + root 'sah' (to endure) + '-ya' suffix (gerundive).

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+sahya)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
• sahya – bearable, tolerable, endurable
  adjective (masculine)
  Gerundive
  Derived from root 'sah' (to endure).
  Root: sah (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'kleśān'.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

तितिक्षमाणैः (titikṣamāṇaiḥ) - by those tolerating (by those enduring, by those tolerating)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of titikṣamāṇa

titikṣamāṇa - enduring, tolerating, patient

Present Middle Participle

From desiderative stem of root 'sah' (to endure) + 'āna' suffix (middle participle). The desiderative stem for 'sah' is 'titikṣa'.

Root: sah (class 1)

Note: Agrees with implied Pāṇḍavas.

यथा (yathā) - how (as, just as, how)

(indeclinable)

उषितम् (uṣitam) - lived (dwelt, lived, resided)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of uṣita

uṣita - dwelt, resided, lived, passed (time)

Past Passive Participle

From root 'vas' (to dwell, to live). 'uṣita' is an irregular participle formation from 'vas'.

Root: vas (class 1)

तत् (tat) - all of that (that, all that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, this, he, she, it

Note: Refers to the manner of their living.

विदितम् (viditam) - well-known (known, understood)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of vidita

vidita - known, understood, perceived

Past Passive Participle

From root 'vid' (to know) + -ta suffix.

Root: vid (class 2)

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

सर्वम् (sarvam) - all of that (all, whole, entire)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole, entire

Note: Agrees with 'tat' and 'viditam'.