महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-227, verse-13

कालोदकेन महता वर्षावर्तेन संततम् ।
मासोर्मिणर्तुवेगेन पक्षोलपतृणेन च ॥१३॥

13. kālodakena mahatā varṣāvartena saṁtatam ,
māsormiṇartuvegena pakṣolapatṛṇena ca.

13. kāla-udakena mahatā varṣā-vartena santatam
māsa-ūrmiṇā ṛtu-vegena pakṣa-ula-patṛṇena ca

13. kāla-udakena mahatā varṣā-vartena santatam
māsa-ūrmiṇā ṛtu-vegena pakṣa-ula-patṛṇena ca

13. The great waters of time (kāla) are continuously marked by the whirlpools of years, by the waves of months, by the swift currents of seasons, and by the floating debris of fortnights.

Words meanings summery:

• काल-उदकेन (kāla-udakena) - by the waters of time

• महता (mahatā) - by the great, by the large

• वर्षा-वर्तेन (varṣā-vartena) - by the whirlpool of years / rainy seasons

• सन्ततम् (santatam) - constantly, continuously

• मास-ऊर्मिणा (māsa-ūrmiṇā) - by the waves of months (by that which has months as waves)

• ऋतु-वेगेन (ṛtu-vegena) - by the current of seasons

• पक्ष-उल-पतृणेन (pakṣa-ula-patṛṇena) - by the floating debris of fortnights

• च (ca) - and

Words meanings and morphology

काल-उदकेन (kāla-udakena) - by the waters of time

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of kāla-udaka

kāla-udaka - waters of time

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kāla+udaka)

• kāla – time, black
  noun (masculine)
• udaka – water
  noun (neuter)

महता (mahatā) - by the great, by the large

(adjective)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of mahat

mahat - great, large, important

Note: Adjective for 'kāla-udakena'.

वर्षा-वर्तेन (varṣā-vartena) - by the whirlpool of years / rainy seasons

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of varṣā-āvarta

varṣā-āvarta - whirlpool of rainy seasons, annual whirlpool

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (varṣā+āvarta)

• varṣā – rainy season, year
  noun (feminine)
• āvarta – whirlpool, eddy, rotation
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'vṛt' with prefix 'ā'.
  Prefix: ā
  Root: vṛt (class 1)

सन्ततम् (santatam) - constantly, continuously

(indeclinable)

Past Passive Participle

From 'sam-tan' (to stretch out, extend).

Prefix: sam

Root: tan (class 8)

मास-ऊर्मिणा (māsa-ūrmiṇā) - by the waves of months (by that which has months as waves)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of māsa-ūrmin

māsa-ūrmin - having months as waves

Formed with possessive suffix 'in'.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (māsa+ūrmi)

• māsa – month
  noun (masculine)
• ūrmi – wave, surge
  noun (masculine)

ऋतु-वेगेन (ṛtu-vegena) - by the current of seasons

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of ṛtu-vega

ṛtu-vega - current of seasons, speed of seasons

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ṛtu+vega)

• ṛtu – season, proper time
  noun (masculine)
• vega – speed, swiftness, current
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'vij' (to move swiftly).
  Root: vij (class 6)

पक्ष-उल-पतृणेन (pakṣa-ula-patṛṇena) - by the floating debris of fortnights

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of pakṣa-ulapatṛṇa

pakṣa-ulapatṛṇa - floating grass/debris of fortnights

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (pakṣa+ulapatṛṇa)

• pakṣa – fortnight, wing, side
  noun (masculine)
• ulapatṛṇa – floating grass, reeds, debris
  noun (neuter)
  Compound 'ulapa' (reeds, floating weeds) + 'tṛṇa' (grass).

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)