महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-16, verse-13

सत्त्वं रजस्तमश्चैव मानसाः स्युस्त्रयो गुणाः ।
हर्षेण बाध्यते शोको हर्षः शोकेन बाध्यते ॥१३॥

13. sattvaṁ rajastamaścaiva mānasāḥ syustrayo guṇāḥ ,
harṣeṇa bādhyate śoko harṣaḥ śokena bādhyate.

13. sattvam rajaḥ tamaḥ ca eva mānasāḥ syuḥ trayaḥ
guṇāḥ harṣeṇa bādhyate śokaḥ harṣaḥ śokena bādhyate

13. sattvam rajaḥ tamaḥ ca eva trayaḥ mānasāḥ guṇāḥ
syuḥ harṣeṇa śokaḥ bādhyate harṣaḥ śokena bādhyate

13. The three qualities (guṇas) —sattva, rajas, and tamas— are indeed mental. Sorrow is overcome by joy, and joy is in turn overcome by sorrow.

Words meanings summery:

• सत्त्वम् (sattvam) - the quality (guṇa) of goodness, purity, or lucidity (goodness, purity, existence, reality, being)

• रजः (rajaḥ) - the quality (guṇa) of passion or activity (passion, activity, dust, impurity)

• तमः (tamaḥ) - the quality (guṇa) of darkness, inertia, or ignorance (darkness, inertia, ignorance)

• च (ca) - and, also

• एव (eva) - indeed, only, certainly

• मानसाः (mānasāḥ) - mental, relating to the mind

• स्युः (syuḥ) - they are (assertive sense) (they may be, let them be, they would be)

• त्रयः (trayaḥ) - three

• गुणाः (guṇāḥ) - the fundamental qualities (guṇas) of nature (prakṛti): sattva, rajas, tamas (qualities, attributes, strands)

• हर्षेण (harṣeṇa) - by joy, by delight, by exultation

• बाध्यते (bādhyate) - is overcome or counteracted (is oppressed, is afflicted, is overcome)

• शोकः (śokaḥ) - sorrow, grief, lamentation

• हर्षः (harṣaḥ) - joy, delight, exultation

• शोकेन (śokena) - by sorrow, by grief

• बाध्यते (bādhyate) - is overcome or counteracted (is oppressed, is afflicted, is overcome)

Words meanings and morphology

सत्त्वम् (sattvam) - the quality (guṇa) of goodness, purity, or lucidity (goodness, purity, existence, reality, being)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sattva

sattva - goodness, purity, essence, reality, existence, a being

Note: Refers to one of the three guṇas (qualities).

रजः (rajaḥ) - the quality (guṇa) of passion or activity (passion, activity, dust, impurity)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of rajas

rajas - passion, activity, dust, impurity, menstruation

Note: Refers to one of the three guṇas (qualities).

तमः (tamaḥ) - the quality (guṇa) of darkness, inertia, or ignorance (darkness, inertia, ignorance)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tamas

tamas - darkness, ignorance, inertia, gloom

Note: Refers to one of the three guṇas (qualities).

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - indeed, only, certainly

(indeclinable)

मानसाः (mānasāḥ) - mental, relating to the mind

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of mānasa

mānasa - mental, of the mind, spiritual

Derived from manas (mind) + suffix aṇ

स्युः (syuḥ) - they are (assertive sense) (they may be, let them be, they would be)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, optative (vidhi liṅ) of as

Optative Mood, Active Voice, 3rd Person Plural

From root as (to be)

Root: as (class 2)

त्रयः (trayaḥ) - three

(numeral)

गुणाः (guṇāḥ) - the fundamental qualities (guṇas) of nature (prakṛti): sattva, rajas, tamas (qualities, attributes, strands)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of guṇa

guṇa - quality, attribute, property, virtue, a strand or constituent

हर्षेण (harṣeṇa) - by joy, by delight, by exultation

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of harṣa

harṣa - joy, delight, exultation, happiness

Root: hṛṣ (class 1)

बाध्यते (bādhyate) - is overcome or counteracted (is oppressed, is afflicted, is overcome)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of bādh

Present Tense, Middle Voice, 3rd Person Singular

From root bādh (to afflict, harass), Pāṇinian Class 1, passive sense implied by middle voice with such meaning.

Root: bādh (class 1)

शोकः (śokaḥ) - sorrow, grief, lamentation

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śoka

śoka - sorrow, grief, lamentation, anguish

Root: śuc (class 1)

हर्षः (harṣaḥ) - joy, delight, exultation

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of harṣa

harṣa - joy, delight, exultation, happiness

Root: hṛṣ (class 1)

शोकेन (śokena) - by sorrow, by grief

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of śoka

śoka - sorrow, grief, lamentation, anguish

Root: śuc (class 1)

बाध्यते (bādhyate) - is overcome or counteracted (is oppressed, is afflicted, is overcome)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of bādh

Present Tense, Middle Voice, 3rd Person Singular

From root bādh (to afflict, harass), Pāṇinian Class 1, passive sense implied by middle voice with such meaning.

Root: bādh (class 1)