महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-108, verse-1

युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
ब्राह्मणक्षत्रियविशां शूद्राणां च परंतप ।
धर्मो वृत्तं च वृत्तिश्च वृत्त्युपायफलानि च ॥१॥

1. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
brāhmaṇakṣatriyaviśāṁ śūdrāṇāṁ ca paraṁtapa ,
dharmo vṛttaṁ ca vṛttiśca vṛttyupāyaphalāni ca.

1. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ uvāca brāhmaṇakṣatriyaviśām śūdrāṇām ca
paraṃtapa dharmaḥ vṛttam ca vṛttiḥ ca vṛttyupāyaphalāni ca

1. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ uvāca paraṃtapa brāhmaṇakṣatriyaviśām ca
śūdrāṇām dharmaḥ ca vṛttam ca vṛttiḥ ca vṛttyupāyaphalāni ca

1. Yudhishthira said: O tormentor of foes (paraṃtapa), [tell me about] the constitution (dharma), the conduct, the livelihood, and the means and results of livelihood for Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.

Words meanings summery:

• युधिष्ठिरः (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ) - Yudhishthira, the eldest Pandava brother, addressing Bhishma (Yudhishthira)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• ब्राह्मणक्षत्रियविशाम् (brāhmaṇakṣatriyaviśām) - of Brahmins, Kshatriyas, and Vaishyas

• शूद्राणाम् (śūdrāṇām) - of Shudras

• च (ca) - and, also

• परंतप (paraṁtapa) - O Bhishma (as Yudhishthira is addressing him) (O tormentor of foes)

• धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - the natural law (dharma), intrinsic nature, or constitution relevant to each varṇa (duty, righteousness, law, constitution)

• वृत्तम् (vṛttam) - conduct, behavior, course of action

• च (ca) - and, also

• वृत्तिः (vṛttiḥ) - livelihood, profession, mode of life

• च (ca) - and, also

• वृत्त्युपायफलानि (vṛttyupāyaphalāni) - the means of livelihood and their results

• च (ca) - and, also

Words meanings and morphology

युधिष्ठिरः (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ) - Yudhishthira, the eldest Pandava brother, addressing Bhishma (Yudhishthira)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - firm in battle; Yudhishthira (a proper name)

Compound: yudhi (in battle) + sthira (firm).

Compound type : aluk-tatpuruṣa (yudh+sthira)

• yudh – battle, fight; (here in locative form) in battle
  noun (feminine)
• sthira – firm, steady, stable, fixed
  adjective (masculine)
  Derived from the root sthā (to stand).
  Root: sthā (class 1)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (Lit) of vac

Perfect Tense (Lit Laṭ)

Irregular perfect form of the root vac, with reduplication and vṛddhi.

Root: vac (class 2)

ब्राह्मणक्षत्रियविशाम् (brāhmaṇakṣatriyaviśām) - of Brahmins, Kshatriyas, and Vaishyas

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of brāhmaṇakṣatriyaviś

brāhmaṇakṣatriyaviś - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, and Vaishyas (the first three varṇas)

Compound type : dvandva (brāhmaṇa+kṣatriya+viś)

• brāhmaṇa – a Brahmin, a member of the priestly class
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from brahman (Veda/prayer) + aṇ (taddhita suffix).
• kṣatriya – a Kshatriya, a member of the warrior or ruling class
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from kṣatra (rule, power) + iya (taddhita suffix).
• viś – a Vaishya, a member of the merchant, farmer, or artisan class; people, subjects
  noun (feminine)
  Root: viś (class 6)

शूद्राणाम् (śūdrāṇām) - of Shudras

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of śūdra

śūdra - a Shudra, a member of the lowest social class (varṇa)

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

परंतप (paraṁtapa) - O Bhishma (as Yudhishthira is addressing him) (O tormentor of foes)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of paraṃtapa

paraṁtapa - tormentor of enemies, subduer of foes

Compound: param (enemy) + tapa (one who torments). Formed from paraṃ (accusative of para) and √tap (to heat, torment) with a suffix -a forming an agent noun. Grammatically, it's an Upapada Tatpuruṣa compound.

Compound type : upapada tatpuruṣa (para+tapa)

• para – other, hostile, enemy
  noun (masculine)
• tapa – one who torments, heats, afflicts
  noun (masculine)
  Agent Noun
  Derived from root √tap (to heat, torment) with suffix -a.
  Root: tap (class 1)

धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - the natural law (dharma), intrinsic nature, or constitution relevant to each varṇa (duty, righteousness, law, constitution)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - constitution, natural law, intrinsic nature, righteousness, duty, religious merit, custom, virtue

Derived from root dhṛ (to hold, support) + man (suffix).

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

वृत्तम् (vṛttam) - conduct, behavior, course of action

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of vṛtta

vṛtta - conduct, behavior; past action; that which has occurred; rounded

Past Passive Participle (when adjective)

Derived from root vṛt (to turn, exist, be). As a noun, it means 'conduct'.

Root: vṛt (class 1)

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

वृत्तिः (vṛttiḥ) - livelihood, profession, mode of life

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of vṛtti

vṛtti - livelihood, profession, occupation, course of action, mode of life, existence

Derived from root vṛt (to turn, exist, be) + ti (suffix).

Root: vṛt (class 1)

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

वृत्त्युपायफलानि (vṛttyupāyaphalāni) - the means of livelihood and their results

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, plural of vṛttyupāyaphala

vṛttyupāyaphala - means of livelihood and their results

Compound: vṛtti (livelihood) + upāya (means) + phala (result). This can be interpreted as a Dvandva compound where 'means of livelihood' and 'results of livelihood' are implicitly combined.

Compound type : dvandva (vṛtti+upāya+phala)

• vṛtti – livelihood, profession, mode of life
  noun (feminine)
  Derived from root vṛt (to turn, exist, be) + ti (suffix).
  Root: vṛt (class 1)
• upāya – means, expedient, method, resource
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from upa-i (to go near) with suffix -a.
  Prefix: upa
  Root: i (class 2)
• phala – fruit, result, consequence, outcome
  noun (neuter)

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)