महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-97, verse-21

जानामि चैव सत्यं तन्मदर्थं यदभाषथाः ।
आपद्धर्ममवेक्षस्व वह पैतामहीं धुरम् ॥२१॥

21. jānāmi caiva satyaṁ tanmadarthaṁ yadabhāṣathāḥ ,
āpaddharmamavekṣasva vaha paitāmahīṁ dhuram.

21. jānāmi ca eva satyam tat madartham yat abhāṣathāḥ
āpaddharmam avekṣasva vaha paitāmahīm dhuram

21. I certainly know that truth which you spoke for my sake. Therefore, consider the special duty in times of calamity (āpaddharma) and bear the ancestral burden.

21. וגם אני יודעת את האמת שבדבריך שאמרת למעני. התבונן בחוק נתיב המצוקה (אָאפַּדְדְהַרְמַה) ושא על כתפיך את עול אבותיך.

Words meanings summery:

• जानामि (jānāmi) - I know, I understand

• च (ca) - and

• एव (eva) - Emphasizes the preceding statement (indeed, certainly, only)

• सत्यम् (satyam) - Refers to the truth of Vyāsa's words to Janamejaya (truth, true)

• तत् (tat) - Refers to 'that truth' (that, it)

• मदर्थम् (madartham) - For Janamejaya's benefit (for my sake, for my purpose)

• यत् (yat) - Introduces the relative clause 'which you spoke' (which, that)

• अभाषथाः (abhāṣathāḥ) - Refers to Vyāsa speaking to Janamejaya (you spoke)

• आपद्धर्मम् (āpaddharmam) - The special rules or duties applicable during an emergency or calamity (the law/duty for times of distress, emergency duty (dharma))

• अवेक्षस्व (avekṣasva) - Janamejaya is being advised to adhere to `āpaddharma` (consider, observe, look to)

• वह (vaha) - Bear the burden of the ancestral lineage (bear, carry)

• पैतामहीम् (paitāmahīm) - Referring to the burden/yoke of the ancestors/grandfather (ancestral, pertaining to the grandfather)

• धुरम् (dhuram) - The responsibility of continuing the royal line and its duties (burden, yoke, responsibility)

Words meanings and morphology

जानामि (jānāmi) - I know, I understand

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of jñā

present tense, 1st person singular

From root `jñā` (9th class), present tense, parasmaipada

Root: jñā (class 9)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - Emphasizes the preceding statement (indeed, certainly, only)

(indeclinable)

सत्यम् (satyam) - Refers to the truth of Vyāsa's words to Janamejaya (truth, true)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of satya

satya - truth, real, true, existent

From `sat` (being, existent)

Note: Functions as the object of `jānāmi`

तत् (tat) - Refers to 'that truth' (that, it)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, it, he, she

Demonstrative pronoun

Note: Refers back to `satyam`

मदर्थम् (madartham) - For Janamejaya's benefit (for my sake, for my purpose)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of madartha

madartha - for my sake, for my purpose

Compound: `mat` (my, genitive of `aham`) + `artha` (purpose, sake)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (mat+artha)

• mat – my, mine (genitive of I)
  pronoun
  From `aham` (I), genitive/ablative form
• artha – purpose, aim, meaning, wealth
  noun (masculine)

Note: Accusative form used adverbially, meaning 'for the sake of'

यत् (yat) - Introduces the relative clause 'which you spoke' (which, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of yad

yad - which, that, who

Relative pronoun

अभाषथाः (abhāṣathāḥ) - Refers to Vyāsa speaking to Janamejaya (you spoke)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, imperfect past (laṅ) of bhāṣ

imperfect tense, 2nd person singular

From root `bhāṣ` (1st class, ātmanepada) with augment `a` for imperfect

Root: bhāṣ (class 1)

आपद्धर्मम् (āpaddharmam) - The special rules or duties applicable during an emergency or calamity (the law/duty for times of distress, emergency duty (dharma))

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of āpaddharma

āpaddharma - duty in distress, emergency law/constitution (dharma)

Compound: `āpad` (calamity, distress) + `dharma` (duty, law)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (āpad+dharma)

• āpad – calamity, distress, misfortune
  noun (feminine)
• dharma – constitution, natural law, intrinsic nature, duty, righteousness, virtue
  noun (masculine)
  From root `dhṛ` (to uphold, support)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)

Note: Object of `avekṣasva`

अवेक्षस्व (avekṣasva) - Janamejaya is being advised to adhere to `āpaddharma` (consider, observe, look to)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, imperative (loṭ) of avekṣ

imperative, 2nd person singular

From `ava` (down) + root `īkṣ` (to see, 1st class), ātmanepada imperative

Prefix: ava

Root: īkṣ (class 1)

वह (vaha) - Bear the burden of the ancestral lineage (bear, carry)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of vah

imperative, 2nd person singular

From root `vah` (1st class), present tense, parasmaipada imperative

Root: vah (class 1)

पैतामहीम् (paitāmahīm) - Referring to the burden/yoke of the ancestors/grandfather (ancestral, pertaining to the grandfather)

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of paitāmahī

paitāmahī - ancestral, paternal, pertaining to the grandfather

Derived from `pitāmaha` (grandfather) with `ī` suffix

धुरम् (dhuram) - The responsibility of continuing the royal line and its duties (burden, yoke, responsibility)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of dhur

dhur - yoke, burden, charge, responsibility, front part

From root `dhṛ` (to bear)

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

Note: Object of `vaha`

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