महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-147, verse-1

वैशंपायन उवाच ।
तयोर्दुःखितयोर्वाक्यमतिमात्रं निशम्य तत् ।
भृशं दुःखपरीताङ्गी कन्या तावभ्यभाषत ॥१॥

1. vaiśaṁpāyana uvāca ,
tayorduḥkhitayorvākyamatimātraṁ niśamya tat ,
bhṛśaṁ duḥkhaparītāṅgī kanyā tāvabhyabhāṣata.

1. vaiśampāyana uvāca tayoḥ duḥkhitayoḥ vākyam atimātram
niśamya tat bhṛśam duḥkhaparītāṅgī kanyā tau abhyabhāṣata

1. Vaiśampāyana said: Having heard the extremely sorrowful words of those two distressed individuals, the maiden, whose body was deeply enveloped by grief, spoke to them both.

Words meanings summery:

• वैशम्पायन (vaiśampāyana) - Vaiśampāyana

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• तयोः (tayoḥ) - of those two, their

• दुःखितयोः (duḥkhitayoḥ) - of the two distressed ones, of the two sorrowful ones

• वाक्यम् (vākyam) - word, speech, statement

• अतिमात्रम् (atimātram) - excessive, very much, extremely

• निशम्य (niśamya) - having heard, perceiving

• तत् (tat) - that, those

• भृशम् (bhṛśam) - greatly, exceedingly, intensely

• दुःखपरीताङ्गी (duḥkhaparītāṅgī) - whose body was enveloped by sorrow, deeply grieved

• कन्या (kanyā) - maiden, girl, daughter

• तौ (tau) - those two, them both

• अभ्यभाषत (abhyabhāṣata) - addressed, spoke to

Words meanings and morphology

वैशम्पायन (vaiśampāyana) - Vaiśampāyana

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vaiśampāyana

vaiśampāyana - name of a sage

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Active

From root √vac (to speak). 3rd person singular perfect active. Irregular form, reduplication and vowel change.

Root: vac (class 2)

तयोः (tayoḥ) - of those two, their

(pronoun)

Genitive, dual of tad

tad - that, those

Genitive/Locative dual form of the pronoun 'tad'. Here, genitive.

Note: Refers to the two distressed individuals (implied parents).

दुःखितयोः (duḥkhitayoḥ) - of the two distressed ones, of the two sorrowful ones

(adjective)

Genitive, dual of duḥkhita

duḥkhita - distressed, sorrowful, grieved, afflicted

Past Passive Participle

Derived from duḥkha (sorrow, pain) + -ita (suffix for past passive participle).

Note: Agrees with `tayoḥ`.

वाक्यम् (vākyam) - word, speech, statement

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vākya

vākya - word, speech, statement, sentence

From root √vac (to speak).

Root: vac

Note: Object of `niśamya`.

अतिमात्रम् (atimātram) - excessive, very much, extremely

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of atimātra

atimātra - excessive, immense, very great

Compound of ati (over, beyond) + mātra (measure).

Compound type : avyayībhāva (ati+mātra)

• ati – over, beyond, excessively
  indeclinable
• mātra – measure, extent, only
  noun (neuter)

Note: Agrees with `vākyam`.

निशम्य (niśamya) - having heard, perceiving

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Derived from verbal root √śam (to hear) with prefix ni-. Forms an absolutive (gerund).

Prefix: ni

Root: śam (class 1)

Note: Gerund, meaning 'having heard'.

तत् (tat) - that, those

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, those, it

Neuter nominative/accusative singular.

Note: Refers to `vākyam`.

भृशम् (bhṛśam) - greatly, exceedingly, intensely

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverbial usage of neuter accusative singular, modifying 'duḥkhaparītāṅgī'.

दुःखपरीताङ्गी (duḥkhaparītāṅgī) - whose body was enveloped by sorrow, deeply grieved

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of duḥkhaparītāṅgin

duḥkhaparītāṅgin - whose body is encompassed by sorrow, deeply grieved

Bahuvrihi compound meaning 'one whose body (aṅga) is enveloped (parīta) by sorrow (duḥkha)'. The suffix -ī indicates feminine gender.

Compound type : bahuvrihi (duḥkha+parīta+aṅga)

• duḥkha – sorrow, pain, misery
  noun (neuter)
• parīta – enveloped, surrounded, encompassed
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root √i (to go) with prefix pari-.
  Prefix: pari
  Root: i (class 2)
• aṅga – body, limb
  noun (neuter)

Note: Modifies `kanyā`.

कन्या (kanyā) - maiden, girl, daughter

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of kanyā

kanyā - maiden, girl, daughter, virgin

Note: Subject of `abhyabhāṣata`.

तौ (tau) - those two, them both

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, dual of tad

tad - that, those

Masculine dual form of 'tad'. Here, accusative.

Note: Object of `abhyabhāṣata`. Refers to the parents.

अभ्यभाषत (abhyabhāṣata) - addressed, spoke to

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, imperfect (laṅ) of abhbhāṣ

Imperfect Middle

From root √bhāṣ (to speak) with prefix abhi-. 3rd person singular imperfect middle (ātmanepada).

Prefix: abhi

Root: bhāṣ (class 1)

Note: Its subject is `kanyā`.