वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-7, chapter-2, verse-11

तास्तु सर्वाः प्रतिगताः श्रुत्वा वाक्यं महात्मनः ।
ब्रह्मशापभयाद्भीतास्तं देशं नोपचक्रमुः ॥११॥

11. tāstu sarvāḥ pratigatāḥ śrutvā vākyaṃ mahātmanaḥ ,
brahmaśāpabhayādbhītāstaṃ deśaṃ nopacakramuḥ.

11. tāḥ tu sarvāḥ pratigatāḥ śrutvā vākyam mahātmanaḥ
brahmaśāpabhayāt bhītāḥ tam deśam na upacakramuḥ

11. tāḥ tu sarvāḥ mahātmanaḥ vākyam śrutvā brahmaśāpabhayāt
bhītāḥ pratigatāḥ tam deśam na upacakramuḥ

11. But all of them, having heard the words of the great-souled one (mahātman) and being afraid of the curse of brahman (brahmaśāpa), retreated and did not approach that place.

Words meanings summery:

• ताः (tāḥ) - those

• तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

• सर्वाः (sarvāḥ) - all

• प्रतिगताः (pratigatāḥ) - returned, retreated

• श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard

• वाक्यम् (vākyam) - word, statement, speech

• महात्मनः (mahātmanaḥ) - of the great-souled sage (of the great-souled one, of the noble one)

• ब्रह्मशापभयात् (brahmaśāpabhayāt) - from the fear of the curse of brahman

• भीताः (bhītāḥ) - afraid, scared

• तम् (tam) - that

• देशम् (deśam) - place, region

• न (na) - not, no

• उपचक्रमुः (upacakramuḥ) - they approached, they began

Words meanings and morphology

ताः (tāḥ) - those

(pronoun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

Note: Refers to the maidens/nymphs.

तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic or contrasting particle.

सर्वाः (sarvāḥ) - all

(pronoun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole

Note: Qualifies 'tāḥ'.

प्रतिगताः (pratigatāḥ) - returned, retreated

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, plural of pratigata

pratigata - returned, gone back

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root 'gam' (to go) with prefix 'prati' (back, against). Past passive participle form.

Prefix: prati

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'tāḥ sarvāḥ'.

श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Derived from root 'śru' (to hear) with suffix '-tvā'.

Root: śru (class 5)

Note: Adverbial participle.

वाक्यम् (vākyam) - word, statement, speech

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vākya

vākya - word, speech, sentence, statement

Derived from 'vac' (to speak) + '-ya' suffix.

Root: vac (class 2)

महात्मनः (mahātmanaḥ) - of the great-souled sage (of the great-souled one, of the noble one)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of mahātman

mahātman - great-souled, noble, generous

Karmadhāraya compound: 'mahat' (great) + 'ātman' (self, soul).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahat+ātman)

• mahat – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• ātman – self, soul, spirit
  noun (masculine)
  Root: an (class 2)

Note: Possessive, refers to the sage (muni).

ब्रह्मशापभयात् (brahmaśāpabhayāt) - from the fear of the curse of brahman

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of brahmaśāpabhaya

brahmaśāpabhaya - fear of a brahman's curse

Tatpuruṣa compound: 'brahmaśāpa' (a brahman's curse) + 'bhaya' (fear). 'brahmaśāpa' is also a compound.

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (brahmaśāpa+bhaya)

• brahmaśāpa – a brahman's curse
  noun (masculine)
  Tatpuruṣa compound: 'brahman' (Brahmin/Brahma) + 'śāpa' (curse).
• bhaya – fear, dread
  noun (neuter)
  Root: bhī (class 3)

Note: Expresses cause for being afraid.

भीताः (bhītāḥ) - afraid, scared

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, plural of bhīta

bhīta - afraid, fearful, scared

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root 'bhī' (to fear) with past passive participle suffix '-ta'.

Root: bhī (class 3)

Note: Agrees with 'tāḥ sarvāḥ'.

तम् (tam) - that

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to 'deśam'.

देशम् (deśam) - place, region

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of deśa

deśa - place, region, country

Root: diś (class 6)

Note: Object of 'upacakramuḥ'.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Negative particle.

Note: Negates the verb 'upacakramuḥ'.

उपचक्रमुः (upacakramuḥ) - they approached, they began

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, perfect (liṭ) of upa-kram

Perfect tense, 3rd person plural, active voice (parasmaipada)

Derived from root 'kram' (to step, to go) with prefix 'upa' (near, towards). Perfect form (liṭ).

Prefix: upa

Root: kram (class 1)

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