वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-4, chapter-34, verse-8

स हि प्राप्तं न जानीते कालं कालविदां वरः ।
विश्वामित्रो महातेजाः किं पुनर्यः पृथग्जनः ॥८॥

8. sa hi prāptaṃ na jānīte kālaṃ kālavidāṃ varaḥ ,
viśvāmitro mahātejāḥ kiṃ punaryaḥ pṛthagjanaḥ.

8. saḥ hi prāptam na jānīte kālam kālavidām varaḥ
viśvāmitraḥ mahātejāḥ kim punaḥ yaḥ pṛthagjanaḥ

8. hi saḥ mahātejāḥ viśvāmitraḥ kālavidām varaḥ
prāptam kālam na jānīte kim punaḥ yaḥ pṛthagjanaḥ

8. Indeed, he, Viśvāmitra, the greatly effulgent, who is the foremost among those who know time, does not recognize the opportune moment that has arrived. How much more so then for an ordinary person?

Words meanings summery:

• सः (saḥ) - he (he, that one)

• हि (hi) - indeed (indeed, surely, for, because)

• प्राप्तम् (prāptam) - arrived (arrived, obtained, reached)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• जानीते (jānīte) - recognizes (knows, understands)

• कालम् (kālam) - the opportune moment (time, period, opportune moment)

• कालविदाम् (kālavidām) - of those who know time (of those who know time, of chronologers)

• वरः (varaḥ) - foremost (best, excellent, superior, boon)

• विश्वामित्रः (viśvāmitraḥ) - Viśvāmitra

• महातेजाः (mahātejāḥ) - greatly effulgent (greatly effulgent, mighty, powerful)

• किम् (kim) - what (then) (what, why, how)

• पुनः (punaḥ) - then, moreover (again, moreover, but, on the other hand)

• यः (yaḥ) - who (who, which)

• पृथग्जनः (pṛthagjanaḥ) - an ordinary person (ordinary person, common man, a separate individual)

Words meanings and morphology

सः (saḥ) - he (he, that one)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Subject of the verb.

हि (hi) - indeed (indeed, surely, for, because)

(indeclinable)

Emphatic particle.

प्राप्तम् (prāptam) - arrived (arrived, obtained, reached)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of prāpta

prāpta - arrived, obtained, reached, acquired

Past Passive Participle

PPP from pra-āp.

Prefix: pra

Root: āp (class 5)

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Negative particle.

Note: Negates jānīte.

जानीते (jānīte) - recognizes (knows, understands)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of jñā

Present tense, middle voice.

3rd person singular, present indicative, middle voice, from √jñā (9th class).

Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Main verb.

कालम् (kālam) - the opportune moment (time, period, opportune moment)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of kāla

kāla - time, period, season, opportunity

कालविदाम् (kālavidām) - of those who know time (of those who know time, of chronologers)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of kālavid

kālavid - knowing time, conversant with time, chronologer

Compound: kāla (time) + vid (knower). From root √vid (to know).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kāla+vid)

• kāla – time, period, season
  noun (masculine)
• vid – knower, understanding
  noun (masculine)
  agent noun
  From root √vid (to know)
  Root: vid (class 2)

वरः (varaḥ) - foremost (best, excellent, superior, boon)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vara

vara - best, excellent, chief; a boon, wish

From √vṛ (to choose).

Root: vṛ (class 1)

विश्वामित्रः (viśvāmitraḥ) - Viśvāmitra

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of viśvāmitra

viśvāmitra - name of a famous ancient sage, friend of all

Compound: viśva (all) + mitra (friend).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (viśva+mitra)

• viśva – all, whole, universal
  adjective (masculine)
• mitra – friend, companion, ally
  noun (masculine)

महातेजाः (mahātejāḥ) - greatly effulgent (greatly effulgent, mighty, powerful)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahātejas

mahātejas - greatly effulgent, mighty, powerful, having great splendor

Compound: mahā (great) + tejas (splendor, power).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (mahā+tejas)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
  stem of mahat
• tejas – splendor, brilliance, energy, power
  noun (neuter)
  Root: tij

किम् (kim) - what (then) (what, why, how)

(indeclinable)

Interrogative pronoun/adverb.

पुनः (punaḥ) - then, moreover (again, moreover, but, on the other hand)

(indeclinable)

Adverbial particle.

यः (yaḥ) - who (who, which)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what

Relative pronoun.

पृथग्जनः (pṛthagjanaḥ) - an ordinary person (ordinary person, common man, a separate individual)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pṛthagjana

pṛthagjana - an ordinary man, a common individual, a separate person

Compound: pṛthak (separate) + jana (person).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (pṛthak+jana)

• pṛthak – separately, individually, apart
  indeclinable
• jana – person, man, creature, people
  noun (masculine)
  Root: jan (class 4)

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