वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-2, chapter-82, verse-17

कथमिन्दीवरश्यामो रक्ताक्षः प्रियदर्शनः ।
सुखभागी च दुःखार्हः शयितो भुवि राघवः ॥१७॥

17. kathamindīvaraśyāmo raktākṣaḥ priyadarśanaḥ ,
sukhabhāgī ca duḥkhārhaḥ śayito bhuvi rāghavaḥ.

17. katham indīvaraśyāmaḥ raktākṣaḥ priyadarśanaḥ
sukhabhāgī ca duḥkhārhaḥ śayitaḥ bhuvi rāghavaḥ

17. katham rāghavaḥ indīvaraśyāmaḥ raktākṣaḥ
priyadarśanaḥ sukhabhāgī ca duḥkhārhaḥ bhuvi śayitaḥ

17. How can Rāghava, whose complexion is dark like a blue lotus, whose eyes are reddish, and whose appearance is pleasing, he who is accustomed to happiness yet undeserving of misery, now lie on the bare ground?

Words meanings summery:

• कथम् (katham) - how (how, in what manner, why)

• इन्दीवरश्यामः (indīvaraśyāmaḥ) - whose complexion is dark like a blue lotus (dark blue like a blue lotus)

• रक्ताक्षः (raktākṣaḥ) - whose eyes are reddish (red-eyed, having reddish eyes)

• प्रियदर्शनः (priyadarśanaḥ) - whose appearance is pleasing (of pleasing appearance, handsome, dear to behold)

• सुखभागी (sukhabhāgī) - accustomed to happiness (partaker of happiness, enjoying happiness)

• च (ca) - and (and, also, moreover)

• दुःखार्हः (duḥkhārhaḥ) - undeserving of misery (deserving of suffering, worthy of misery)

• शयितः (śayitaḥ) - lying (lying down, sleeping, reposing)

• भुवि (bhuvi) - on the bare ground (on the earth, on the ground)

• राघवः (rāghavaḥ) - Rāghava (Rama) (descendant of Raghu, Rama)

Words meanings and morphology

कथम् (katham) - how (how, in what manner, why)

(indeclinable)

Formed from 'kim' (what) + 'tham' suffix

इन्दीवरश्यामः (indīvaraśyāmaḥ) - whose complexion is dark like a blue lotus (dark blue like a blue lotus)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of indīvaraśyāma

indīvaraśyāma - dark blue like a blue lotus, having the color of a blue lotus

Karmadhāraya or Bahuvrīhi compound

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (indīvara+śyāma)

• indīvara – blue lotus, Nymphaea stellata
  noun (neuter)
• śyāma – dark, black, dark blue, dark green, dark-complexioned
  adjective (masculine)

Note: Attributes of Rāghava.

रक्ताक्षः (raktākṣaḥ) - whose eyes are reddish (red-eyed, having reddish eyes)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of raktākṣa

raktākṣa - red-eyed, having red eyes

Bahuvrīhi compound, 'he whose eyes are red'

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (rakta+akṣa)

• rakta – red, colored, dyed, attached, impassioned
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root 'rañj' (to color, delight)
  Root: rañj (class 1)
• akṣa – eye, sense organ, die (for gaming)
  noun (neuter)

Note: Attributes of Rāghava.

प्रियदर्शनः (priyadarśanaḥ) - whose appearance is pleasing (of pleasing appearance, handsome, dear to behold)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of priyadarśana

priyadarśana - pleasing to the sight, handsome, beautiful

Bahuvrīhi compound, 'he whose sight (darśana) is pleasing (priya)'

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (priya+darśana)

• priya – dear, beloved, pleasing, agreeable
  adjective (masculine)
  From root 'prī' (to please)
  Root: prī (class 9)
• darśana – seeing, looking, sight, appearance, vision
  noun (neuter)
  From root 'dṛś' (to see)
  Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Attributes of Rāghava.

सुखभागी (sukhabhāgī) - accustomed to happiness (partaker of happiness, enjoying happiness)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sukhabhāgin

sukhabhāgin - partaking of happiness, enjoying happiness

Compound of 'sukha' (happiness) and 'bhāgin' (partaker)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (sukha+bhāgin)

• sukha – happiness, joy, comfort, pleasure
  noun (neuter)
• bhāgin – sharing, partaking, having a share, possessing
  adjective (masculine)
  From 'bhāga' (share) + 'in' suffix
  Root: bhaj (class 1)

Note: Attributes of Rāghava.

च (ca) - and (and, also, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction

Note: Connects attributes.

दुःखार्हः (duḥkhārhaḥ) - undeserving of misery (deserving of suffering, worthy of misery)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of duḥkhārha

duḥkhārha - deserving of pain/misery, worthy of suffering, liable to pain. In context, implies 'one who should not suffer'.

Compound of 'duḥkha' (suffering) and 'arha' (deserving)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (duḥkha+arha)

• duḥkha – suffering, pain, sorrow, misery, discomfort
  noun (neuter)
• arha – deserving, worthy, fit, proper, liable to
  adjective (masculine)
  From root 'arh' (to deserve, be worthy)
  Root: arh (class 1)

Note: Attributes of Rāghava.

शयितः (śayitaḥ) - lying (lying down, sleeping, reposing)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śayita

śayita - lying, sleeping, reposed

Past Passive Participle

From root 'śī' (to lie, sleep)

Root: śī (class 2)

Note: Predicate adjective for Rāghava.

भुवि (bhuvi) - on the bare ground (on the earth, on the ground)

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of bhū

bhū - earth, ground, land, world

Note: Location where Rāghava is lying.

राघवः (rāghavaḥ) - Rāghava (Rama) (descendant of Raghu, Rama)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rāghava

rāghava - descendant of Raghu, a name for Rama

Patronymic from Raghu + 'aṇ' suffix

Note: Subject of the implied verb 'asti' (is).