वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-2, chapter-12, verse-18

ततः स राजा तं सूतं सन्नहर्षः सुतं प्रति ।
शोकारक्तेक्षणः श्रीमानुद्वीक्ष्योवाच धार्मिकः ॥१८॥

18. tataḥ sa rājā taṃ sūtaṃ sannaharṣaḥ sutaṃ prati ,
śokāraktekṣaṇaḥ śrīmānudvīkṣyovāca dhārmikaḥ.

18. tataḥ saḥ rājā tam sūtam sannaharṣaḥ sutam prati
śokāraktekṣaṇaḥ śrīmān udvīkṣya uvāca dhārmikaḥ

18. tataḥ saḥ śrīmān dhārmikaḥ rājā sutam prati
sannaharṣaḥ śokāraktekṣaṇaḥ tam sūtam udvīkṣya uvāca

18. Then that glorious and righteous king, his joy having subsided concerning his son, and with eyes red from sorrow, looked up at that charioteer and spoke.

Words meanings summery:

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, thereupon (then, thereupon, from there)

• सः (saḥ) - that (king) (that, he)

• राजा (rājā) - the king (Dasharatha) (king)

• तम् (tam) - that (charioteer) (that, him)

• सूतम् (sūtam) - charioteer (charioteer, son)

• सन्नहर्षः (sannaharṣaḥ) - whose joy has subsided (dejected) (one whose joy has subsided, dejected)

• सुतम् (sutam) - his son (Rama) (son, child)

• प्रति (prati) - concerning, regarding (towards, against, in regard to, concerning)

• शोकारक्तेक्षणः (śokāraktekṣaṇaḥ) - with eyes red from sorrow (whose eyes are red with sorrow)

• श्रीमान् (śrīmān) - glorious (glorious, fortunate, majestic)

• उद्वीक्ष्य (udvīkṣya) - having looked up, having gazed

• उवाच (uvāca) - spoke (said, spoke)

• धार्मिकः (dhārmikaḥ) - righteous (righteous, virtuous, pious)

Words meanings and morphology

ततः (tataḥ) - then, thereupon (then, thereupon, from there)

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverb of time, indicating sequence.

सः (saḥ) - that (king) (that, he)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to the king, Dasharatha.

राजा (rājā) - the king (Dasharatha) (king)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, sovereign

Note: Subject of 'uvāca'.

तम् (tam) - that (charioteer) (that, him)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Agrees with 'sūtam'.

सूतम् (sūtam) - charioteer (charioteer, son)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of sūta

sūta - charioteer, bard, son

From root 'sū' (to impel, produce).

Root: sū (class 2)

Note: Object of 'udvīkṣya'.

सन्नहर्षः (sannaharṣaḥ) - whose joy has subsided (dejected) (one whose joy has subsided, dejected)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sannaharṣa

sannaharṣa - whose joy is suppressed, dejected, sorrowful

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (sanna+harṣa)

• sanna – sunken, depressed, subsided, diminished
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root 'sad' (to sink) with 'sam' prefix.
  Prefix: sam
  Root: sad (class 1)
• harṣa – joy, delight, pleasure, happiness
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'hṛṣ' (to be excited, rejoice).
  Root: hṛṣ (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'rājā'.

सुतम् (sutam) - his son (Rama) (son, child)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of suta

suta - son, child

Past Passive Participle (from sū- 'to beget')

Often treated as a noun here; can be a PPP from root 'sū' (to beget).

Root: sū (class 2)

Note: Object of the postposition 'prati'.

प्रति (prati) - concerning, regarding (towards, against, in regard to, concerning)

(indeclinable)

Note: A postposition governing 'sutam'.

शोकारक्तेक्षणः (śokāraktekṣaṇaḥ) - with eyes red from sorrow (whose eyes are red with sorrow)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śokāraktekṣaṇa

śokāraktekṣaṇa - whose eyes are red with sorrow

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (śoka+ārakta+īkṣaṇa)

• śoka – sorrow, grief, lamentation
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'śuc' (to grieve).
  Root: śuc (class 1)
• ārakta – reddish, tinged with red
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root 'rañj' (to dye) with 'ā' prefix.
  Prefix: ā
  Root: rañj (class 1)
• īkṣaṇa – eye, seeing, looking
  noun (neuter)
  From root 'īkṣ' (to see).
  Root: īkṣ (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'rājā'.

श्रीमान् (śrīmān) - glorious (glorious, fortunate, majestic)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śrīmat

śrīmat - glorious, beautiful, fortunate, prosperous, majestic

Possessive suffix '-mat' added to 'śrī' (glory).

Note: Qualifies 'rājā'.

उद्वीक्ष्य (udvīkṣya) - having looked up, having gazed

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Absolutive form of root 'īkṣ' with prefix 'ud'.

Prefix: ud

Root: īkṣ (class 1)

Note: Indicates an action completed prior to the main verb 'uvāca'.

उवाच (uvāca) - spoke (said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect Active

3rd person singular perfect active of root 'vac'.

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Main verb of the sentence, subject is 'rājā'.

धार्मिकः (dhārmikaḥ) - righteous (righteous, virtuous, pious)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dhārmika

dhārmika - righteous, virtuous, pious, adhering to dharma

Derived from 'dharma' with -ika suffix.

Note: Qualifies 'rājā'.