वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-1, chapter-57, verse-9

अथ रात्र्यां व्यतीतायां राजा चण्डालतां गतः ।
नीलवस्त्रधरो नीलः परुषो ध्वस्तमूर्धजः ।
चित्यमाल्यानुलेपश्च आयसाभरणो ऽभवत् ॥९॥

9. atha rātryāṃ vyatītāyāṃ rājā caṇḍālatāṃ gataḥ ,
nīlavastradharo nīlaḥ paruṣo dhvastamūrdhajaḥ ,
cityamālyānulepaśca āyasābharaṇo'bhavat.

9. atha rātryām vyatītāyām rājā caṇḍālatām
gataḥ nīlavastradharaḥ nīlaḥ
paruṣaḥ dhvastamūrdhajaḥ
cityamālyānulepaḥ ca āyasābharaṇaḥ abhavat

9. atha rātryām vyatītāyām rājā caṇḍālatām
gataḥ nīlavastradharaḥ nīlaḥ
paruṣaḥ dhvastamūrdhajaḥ
cityamālyānulepaḥ ca āyasābharaṇaḥ abhavat

9. Then, after the night had passed, the king became an outcaste (caṇḍāla). He was clad in blue garments, dark-complexioned, with a harsh demeanor and disheveled hair. He wore garlands and unguents from the cremation ground, and was adorned with iron ornaments.

Words meanings summery:

• अथ (atha) - then, now, thereupon

• रात्र्याम् (rātryām) - in the night, at night

• व्यतीतायाम् (vyatītāyām) - having passed, elapsed

• राजा (rājā) - the king

• चण्डालताम् (caṇḍālatām) - the state of an outcaste (caṇḍāla)

• गतः (gataḥ) - gone, attained, become

• नीलवस्त्रधरः (nīlavastradharaḥ) - wearing blue garments

• नीलः (nīlaḥ) - dark-complexioned (characteristic color of a caṇḍāla) (blue, dark, dark-complexioned)

• परुषः (paruṣaḥ) - rough, harsh, coarse

• ध्वस्तमूर्धजः (dhvastamūrdhajaḥ) - with disheveled hair

• चित्यमाल्यानुलेपः (cityamālyānulepaḥ) - adorned with funeral garlands and unguents

• च (ca) - and

• आयसाभरणः (āyasābharaṇaḥ) - wearing iron ornaments

• अभवत् (abhavat) - he became

Words meanings and morphology

अथ (atha) - then, now, thereupon

(indeclinable)

Note: Marks the beginning of a new event.

रात्र्याम् (rātryām) - in the night, at night

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of rātri

rātri - night

Note: Part of locative absolute construction.

व्यतीतायाम् (vyatītāyām) - having passed, elapsed

(adjective)

Locative, feminine, singular of vyatīta

vyatīta - passed, elapsed, gone by

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root i (class 2) with upasargas vi-ati.

Prefixes: vi+ati

Root: i (class 2)

Note: Part of locative absolute construction.

राजा (rājā) - the king

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

Note: Subject of the sentence.

चण्डालताम् (caṇḍālatām) - the state of an outcaste (caṇḍāla)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of caṇḍālatā

caṇḍālatā - the state or condition of being a caṇḍāla (outcaste)

Derived from caṇḍāla with suffix -tā (abstract noun).

Note: Object of 'gataḥ'.

गतः (gataḥ) - gone, attained, become

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of gam

gam - to go, to attain, to reach

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root gam (class 1).

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'rājā'.

नीलवस्त्रधरः (nīlavastradharaḥ) - wearing blue garments

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nīlavastradhara

nīlavastradhara - wearing blue clothes

Compound

Compound type : upapada-tatpuruṣa (nīla+vastra+dhara)

• nīla – blue, dark
  adjective
• vastra – garment, cloth
  noun (neuter)
• dhara – bearing, wearing
  adjective
  agent noun/derivative
  Derived from root dhṛ (class 1, 3) with suffix -a.
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'rājā'.

नीलः (nīlaḥ) - dark-complexioned (characteristic color of a caṇḍāla) (blue, dark, dark-complexioned)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nīla

nīla - blue, dark, indigo

Note: Qualifies 'rājā'.

परुषः (paruṣaḥ) - rough, harsh, coarse

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of paruṣa

paruṣa - rough, harsh, hard, cruel

Note: Qualifies 'rājā'.

ध्वस्तमूर्धजः (dhvastamūrdhajaḥ) - with disheveled hair

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dhvastamūrdhaja

dhvastamūrdhaja - having disheveled or scattered hair

Compound

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (dhvasta+mūrdhaja)

• dhvasta – scattered, fallen, ruined, disheveled
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root dhvaṃs (class 1).
  Root: dhvaṃs (class 1)
• mūrdhaja – hair (growing on the head)
  noun (masculine)

Note: Qualifies 'rājā'.

चित्यमाल्यानुलेपः (cityamālyānulepaḥ) - adorned with funeral garlands and unguents

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of cityamālyānulepa

cityamālyānulepa - having garlands and unguents from a cremation ground

Compound

Compound type : dvandva-tatpuruṣa (citya+mālya+anulepa)

• citya – funeral pyre, cremation ground
  noun (neuter)
• mālya – garland, wreath
  noun (neuter)
• anulepa – ointment, unguent, plastering
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root lip with upasarga anu.
  Prefix: anu
  Root: lip (class 6)

Note: Qualifies 'rājā'.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunction.

आयसाभरणः (āyasābharaṇaḥ) - wearing iron ornaments

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of āyasābharaṇa

āyasābharaṇa - wearing iron ornaments, one whose ornaments are of iron

Compound

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (āyasa+ābharaṇa)

• āyasa – made of iron, iron
  adjective
• ābharaṇa – ornament, jewel
  noun (neuter)
  Derived from root bhṛ with upasarga ā.
  Prefix: ā
  Root: bhṛ (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'rājā'.

अभवत् (abhavat) - he became

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect (laṅ) of bhū

Imperfect

3rd person singular Imperfect active.

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: The subject is 'rājā'.