वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-1, chapter-41, verse-12

स तपो दीर्घमातिष्ठद्गोकर्णे रघुनन्दन ।
ऊर्ध्वबाहुः पञ्चतपा मासाहारो जितेन्द्रियः ॥१२॥

12. sa tapo dīrghamātiṣṭhadgokarṇe raghunandana ,
ūrdhvabāhuḥ pañcatapā māsāhāro jitendriyaḥ.

12. saḥ tapaḥ dīrgham ātiṣṭhat gokarṇe raghunandana
ūrdhvabāhuḥ pañcatapāḥ māsāhāraḥ jitendriyaḥ

12. raghunandana saḥ gokarṇe dīrgham tapaḥ ātiṣṭhat
ūrdhvabāhuḥ pañcatapāḥ māsāhāraḥ jitendriyaḥ

12. O son of Raghu, he undertook a long and arduous penance (tapas) in Gokarna. He stood with his arms raised upwards, practicing the penance of the five fires, eating only once a month, and having fully controlled his senses.

Words meanings summery:

• सः (saḥ) - King Bhagiratha (he, that)

• तपः (tapaḥ) - religious austerity (penance, austerity, spiritual discipline)

• दीर्घम् (dīrgham) - long-lasting, extensive (long, extensive, prolonged)

• आतिष्ठत् (ātiṣṭhat) - he undertook (the penance) (he undertook, he performed, he stood firm)

• गोकर्णे (gokarṇe) - in the sacred pilgrimage site of Gokarna (in Gokarna (a holy place))

• रघुनन्दन (raghunandana) - an address to Rama (descendant of Raghu) (O son of Raghu, O delight of Raghu's family)

• ऊर्ध्वबाहुः (ūrdhvabāhuḥ) - with arms raised as an ascetic posture (having arms raised upwards)

• पञ्चतपाः (pañcatapāḥ) - a specific severe ascetic practice involving five fires (undergoing penance with five fires (one above, four around))

• मासाहारः (māsāhāraḥ) - practicing severe food restriction (eating once a month, subsisting monthly)

• जितेन्द्रियः (jitendriyaḥ) - having achieved mastery over his senses (having conquered the senses, self-controlled)

Words meanings and morphology

सः (saḥ) - King Bhagiratha (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

तपः (tapaḥ) - religious austerity (penance, austerity, spiritual discipline)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - penance, austerity, heat, spiritual discipline

दीर्घम् (dīrgham) - long-lasting, extensive (long, extensive, prolonged)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of dīrgha

dīrgha - long, extended, prolonged

Note: Qualifies 'tapaḥ'.

आतिष्ठत् (ātiṣṭhat) - he undertook (the penance) (he undertook, he performed, he stood firm)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect (laṅ) of sthā

Prefix: ā

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: From root 'sthā' with prefix 'ā'.

गोकर्णे (gokarṇe) - in the sacred pilgrimage site of Gokarna (in Gokarna (a holy place))

(proper noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of gokarṇa

gokarṇa - Gokarna (name of a sacred place)

रघुनन्दन (raghunandana) - an address to Rama (descendant of Raghu) (O son of Raghu, O delight of Raghu's family)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of raghunandana

raghunandana - delight of Raghu, descendant of Raghu

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (raghu+nandana)

• raghu – Raghu (a mythical king, ancestor of Rama)
  proper noun (masculine)
• nandana – son, delight, child
  noun (masculine)
  agent noun
  from root nand (to rejoice)
  Root: nand (class 1)

Note: Compound of Raghu and Nandana.

ऊर्ध्वबाहुः (ūrdhvabāhuḥ) - with arms raised as an ascetic posture (having arms raised upwards)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ūrdhvabāhu

ūrdhvabāhu - having raised arms

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (ūrdhva+bāhu)

• ūrdhva – upwards, high
  adjective (masculine)
• bāhu – arm
  noun (masculine)

Note: Qualifies Bhagiratha.

पञ्चतपाः (pañcatapāḥ) - a specific severe ascetic practice involving five fires (undergoing penance with five fires (one above, four around))

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pañcatapas

pañcatapas - five fires (a type of penance)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (pañca+tapas)

• pañca – five
  numeral
• tapas – penance, fire, heat
  noun (neuter)

Note: Qualifies Bhagiratha.

मासाहारः (māsāhāraḥ) - practicing severe food restriction (eating once a month, subsisting monthly)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of māsāhāra

māsāhāra - subsisting on food once a month

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (māsa+āhāra)

• māsa – month
  noun (masculine)
• āhāra – food, eating
  noun (masculine)
  Prefix: ā
  Root: hṛ (class 1)

Note: Qualifies Bhagiratha.

जितेन्द्रियः (jitendriyaḥ) - having achieved mastery over his senses (having conquered the senses, self-controlled)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jitendriya

jitendriya - having controlled the senses

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (jita+indriya)

• jita – conquered, subdued
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  from root ji (to conquer)
  Root: ji (class 1)
• indriya – sense organ, faculty
  noun (neuter)

Note: Qualifies Bhagiratha.