वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-1, chapter-40, verse-13

स दुःखवशमापन्नस्त्वसमञ्जसुतस्तदा ।
चुक्रोश परमार्तस्तु वधात्तेषां सुदुःखितः ॥१३॥

13. sa duḥkhavaśamāpannastvasamañjasutastadā ,
cukrośa paramārtastu vadhātteṣāṃ suduḥkhitaḥ.

13. saḥ duḥkhavaśam āpannaḥ tu asamañjasasutaḥ tadā
cukrośa paramārtaḥ tu vadhāt teṣām suduḥkhitaḥ

13. saḥ asamañjasasutaḥ tadā tu duḥkhavaśam āpannaḥ
tu teṣām vadhāt paramārtaḥ suduḥkhitaḥ cukrośa

13. He, the son of Asamañjasa (Anśumān), being overwhelmed by grief (duḥkha), then cried out, deeply afflicted and exceedingly sorrowful due to their slaying.

Words meanings summery:

• सः (saḥ) - he (Anśumān, the son of Asamañjasa) (he)

• दुःखवशम् (duḥkhavaśam) - the control/power of sorrow (duḥkha) (sway of sorrow, state of misery)

• आपन्नः (āpannaḥ) - overcome by (sorrow) (fallen into, attained, overcome by)

• तु (tu) - indeed, emphasizing the subject (but, on the other hand, indeed)

• असमञ्जससुतः (asamañjasasutaḥ) - Anśumān, the son of Asamañjasa (son of Asamañjasa)

• तदा (tadā) - at that moment (when he saw the ashes) (then, at that time)

• चुक्रोश (cukrośa) - he (Anśumān) cried out in distress (he cried out, wailed, lamented)

• परमार्तः (paramārtaḥ) - extremely distressed (by the sight) (greatly afflicted, extremely distressed)

• तु (tu) - indeed, emphasizing the distress (but, on the other hand, indeed)

• वधात् (vadhāt) - due to their death/slaying (by Kapila) (from slaying, due to killing/death)

• तेषाम् (teṣām) - of them (Sagara's sons) (of them, their)

• सुदुःखितः (suduḥkhitaḥ) - exceedingly grieved (due to the slaying) (very much distressed, exceedingly grieved)

Words meanings and morphology

सः (saḥ) - he (Anśumān, the son of Asamañjasa) (he)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: From `tad` (masculine singular nominative)

दुःखवशम् (duḥkhavaśam) - the control/power of sorrow (duḥkha) (sway of sorrow, state of misery)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of duḥkhavaśa

duḥkhavaśa - sway of sorrow, state of misery

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (duḥkha+vaśa)

• duḥkha – sorrow, pain, suffering
  noun (neuter)
  Often defined as `duḥ` (bad) + `kha` (space/axle hole)
• vaśa – will, power, control, sway
  noun (masculine)
  From root `vaś` (to desire, control)
  Root: vaś (class 1)

Note: Object of `āpannaḥ`

आपन्नः (āpannaḥ) - overcome by (sorrow) (fallen into, attained, overcome by)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of āpanna

āpanna - fallen into, arrived, obtained, undergone

Past Passive Participle

Formed from root `pad` (to go, fall) with prefix `ā` + suffix `na`

Prefix: ā

Root: pad (class 4)

Note: Adjective agreeing with the implied subject (Anśumān)

तु (tu) - indeed, emphasizing the subject (but, on the other hand, indeed)

(indeclinable)

असमञ्जससुतः (asamañjasasutaḥ) - Anśumān, the son of Asamañjasa (son of Asamañjasa)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of asamañjasasuta

asamañjasasuta - son of Asamañjasa

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (asamañjasa+suta)

• asamañjasa – Asamañjasa (proper name)
  proper noun (masculine)
• suta – son, produced
  noun (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle (from `sū` to produce)
  From root `sū` (to produce) + suffix `ta`
  Root: sū (class 2)

Note: Identifies the subject as Anśumān

तदा (tadā) - at that moment (when he saw the ashes) (then, at that time)

(indeclinable)

From `tad` (that) + `dā` (time suffix)

चुक्रोश (cukrośa) - he (Anśumān) cried out in distress (he cried out, wailed, lamented)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (Lit) of kruś

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular, active voice

From root `kruś` (to cry, shout)

Root: kruś (class 1)

परमार्तः (paramārtaḥ) - extremely distressed (by the sight) (greatly afflicted, extremely distressed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of paramārta

paramārta - greatly pained, deeply distressed

Compound type : karmadhāraya (parama+ārta)

• parama – supreme, highest, extreme
  adjective
  Superlative form of `para`
• ārta – afflicted, distressed, suffering
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From root `ṛ` (to go, move) with prefix `ā` + suffix `ta`
  Prefix: ā
  Root: ṛ (class 3)

Note: Adjective agreeing with the subject

तु (tu) - indeed, emphasizing the distress (but, on the other hand, indeed)

(indeclinable)

वधात् (vadhāt) - due to their death/slaying (by Kapila) (from slaying, due to killing/death)

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of vadha

vadha - striking, killing, slaying

From root `vadh` (to strike, kill)

Root: vadh (class 1)

Note: Indicates cause

तेषाम् (teṣām) - of them (Sagara's sons) (of them, their)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: From `tad` (masculine plural genitive)

सुदुःखितः (suduḥkhitaḥ) - exceedingly grieved (due to the slaying) (very much distressed, exceedingly grieved)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of suduḥkhita

suduḥkhita - greatly distressed, very sad

Compound type : karmadhāraya (su+duḥkhita)

• su – good, well, very
  indeclinable
  Intensive prefix
• duḥkhita – distressed, pained, sad
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From root `duḥkh` (to suffer, pain) + suffix `ita`
  Root: duḥkh (class 10)

Note: Adjective agreeing with the subject