महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-5, verse-23

अयं स कालः संप्राप्तो मित्राणां मित्रवत्सल ।
यत्र मित्रममित्रं वा परीक्षन्ते बुधा जनाः ॥२३॥

23. ayaṁ sa kālaḥ saṁprāpto mitrāṇāṁ mitravatsala ,
yatra mitramamitraṁ vā parīkṣante budhā janāḥ.

23. ayam sa kālaḥ samprāptaḥ mitrāṇām mitravatsala
yatra mitram amitram vā parīkṣante budhā janāḥ

23. mitravatsala,
mitrāṇām ayam sa kālaḥ samprāptaḥ yatra budhā janāḥ mitram vā amitram parīkṣante.

23. O friend-loving one, this is that opportune moment that has arrived for friends, when wise people discern whether someone is truly a friend or an enemy.

Words meanings summery:

• अयम् (ayam) - this (time) (this, this one)

• स (sa) - that (very) (he, that)

• कालः (kālaḥ) - opportune moment (time, season, opportune moment)

• सम्प्राप्तः (samprāptaḥ) - that has arrived (arrived, obtained, reached)

• मित्राणाम् (mitrāṇām) - for friends (genitive of purpose/relation) (of friends)

• मित्रवत्सल (mitravatsala) - O friend-loving one (O friend-loving, O affectionate to friends)

• यत्र (yatra) - when (where, when, in which (case))

• मित्रम् (mitram) - a friend (friend, ally)

• अमित्रम् (amitram) - an enemy (enemy, foe)

• वा (vā) - or

• परीक्षन्ते (parīkṣante) - they discern, they test (they test, they examine, they discern)

• बुधा (budhā) - wise (discerning) (wise men, intelligent people)

• जनाः (janāḥ) - people (people, persons)

Words meanings and morphology

अयम् (ayam) - this (time) (this, this one)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, this one

Note: Points to the present time.

स (sa) - that (very) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Emphatic, refers back to a previously understood time.

कालः (kālaḥ) - opportune moment (time, season, opportune moment)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kāla

kāla - time, period, season, opportune moment

Note: Predicate nominative with 'ayam'.

सम्प्राप्तः (samprāptaḥ) - that has arrived (arrived, obtained, reached)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of samprāpta

samprāpta - arrived, reached, obtained

Past Passive Participle

root āp with prefixes sam + pra, suffix -ta

Prefixes: sam+pra

Root: āp (class 5)

Note: Qualifies 'kālaḥ'.

मित्राणाम् (mitrāṇām) - for friends (genitive of purpose/relation) (of friends)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of mitra

mitra - friend, companion, ally

Note: Refers to the friends for whom the time has come.

मित्रवत्सल (mitravatsala) - O friend-loving one (O friend-loving, O affectionate to friends)

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, singular of mitravatsala

mitravatsala - affectionate to friends, kind to friends, friend-loving

Compound type : tatpurusha (mitra+vatsala)

• mitra – friend
  noun (masculine)
• vatsala – affectionate, tender, loving
  adjective (masculine)

Note: Addresses Śalya.

यत्र (yatra) - when (where, when, in which (case))

(indeclinable)

Note: Relative adverb referring to 'kālaḥ'.

मित्रम् (mitram) - a friend (friend, ally)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of mitra

mitra - friend, ally, companion

Note: Object of 'parīkṣante'.

अमित्रम् (amitram) - an enemy (enemy, foe)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of amitra

amitra - enemy, foe

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+mitra)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
• mitra – friend
  noun (masculine)

Note: Object of 'parīkṣante'.

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

Note: Disjunctive conjunction.

परीक्षन्ते (parīkṣante) - they discern, they test (they test, they examine, they discern)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, middle, present (lat) of parīkṣ

root īkṣ with prefix pari

Prefix: pari

Root: īkṣ (class 1)

Note: From root īkṣ (to see, to perceive).

बुधा (budhā) - wise (discerning) (wise men, intelligent people)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of budha

budha - wise, intelligent, learned person

Root: budh (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'janāḥ'.

जनाः (janāḥ) - people (people, persons)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of jana

jana - person, people, man, creature

Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Subject of 'parīkṣante'.