महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-190, verse-1

भीष्म उवाच ।
चकार यत्नं द्रुपदः सर्वस्मिन्स्वजने महत् ।
ततो लेख्यादिषु तथा शिल्पेषु च परं गता ।
इष्वस्त्रे चैव राजेन्द्र द्रोणशिष्यो बभूव ह ॥१॥

1. bhīṣma uvāca ,
cakāra yatnaṁ drupadaḥ sarvasminsvajane mahat ,
tato lekhyādiṣu tathā śilpeṣu ca paraṁ gatā ,
iṣvastre caiva rājendra droṇaśiṣyo babhūva ha.

1. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca cakāra yatnam drupadaḥ
sarvasmin svajane mahat tataḥ lekhyaādiṣu
tathā śilpeṣu ca param gatā iṣvaastre
ca eva rājendra droṇaśiṣyaḥ babhūva ha

1. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca drupadaḥ sarvasmin svajane
mahat yatnam cakāra tataḥ lekhyaādiṣu
tathā śilpeṣu ca param gatā rājendra
iṣvaastre ca eva droṇaśiṣyaḥ babhūva ha

1. Bhīṣma said: Drupada made a great effort for all his own people. Then, she (Śikhaṇḍī) attained great skill in writing and other arts, and also in crafts. And indeed, O King of kings, he (Śikhaṇḍī) became a disciple of Droṇa in archery.

Words meanings summery:

• भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhīṣma (proper noun)

• उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

• चकार (cakāra) - he did, he made, he performed

• यत्नम् (yatnam) - effort, exertion

• द्रुपदः (drupadaḥ) - Drupada (proper noun)

• सर्वस्मिन् (sarvasmin) - in all, in the entire

• स्वजने (svajane) - for his (Drupada's) family/people (concerning Śikhaṇḍī's upbringing) (in one's own people, in one's family/relatives)

• महत् (mahat) - a great effort (great, large, important)

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, thereafter, from there

• लेख्यआदिषु (lekhyaādiṣu) - in writing and so on

• तथा (tathā) - and also (thus, so, likewise, also)

• शिल्पेषु (śilpeṣu) - in crafts, in arts

• च (ca) - and, also

• परम् (param) - excellence, perfection (supreme, excellent, highest)

• गता (gatā) - attained (excellence) (gone, attained, reached)

• इष्वअस्त्रे (iṣvaastre) - in archery (in archery, in the skill of arrows and weapons)

• च (ca) - and, also

• एव (eva) - indeed, certainly, only

• राजेन्द्र (rājendra) - O king of kings, O emperor

• द्रोणशिष्यः (droṇaśiṣyaḥ) - disciple of Droṇa

• बभूव (babhūva) - he became, he was

• ह (ha) - indeed, surely (emphasizing particle)

Words meanings and morphology

भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhīṣma (proper noun)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - Bhīṣma (a prominent character in the Mahabharata), terrible

From root bhī- (to fear)

Root: bhī (class 3)

Note: Subject of 'uvāca'.

उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (Lit) of vac

Perfect (Lit) form of root vac-

Root: vac (class 2)

चकार (cakāra) - he did, he made, he performed

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (Lit) of kṛ

Perfect (Lit) form of root kṛ-

Root: kṛ (class 8)

यत्नम् (yatnam) - effort, exertion

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of yatna

yatna - effort, exertion, endeavor

From root yat- (to strive)

Root: yat (class 1)

Note: Object of 'cakāra'.

द्रुपदः (drupadaḥ) - Drupada (proper noun)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of drupada

drupada - Drupada (king of Pañcāla in the Mahabharata)

Note: Subject of 'cakāra'.

सर्वस्मिन् (sarvasmin) - in all, in the entire

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole

Note: Agrees with 'svajane'.

स्वजने (svajane) - for his (Drupada's) family/people (concerning Śikhaṇḍī's upbringing) (in one's own people, in one's family/relatives)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of svajana

svajana - one's own people, family, relatives

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (sva+jana)

• sva – own, self
  pronoun/adjective
• jana – person, people, race
  noun (masculine)
  From root jan- (to be born)
  Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Indicates the sphere of Drupada's effort.

महत् (mahat) - a great effort (great, large, important)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of mahat

mahat - great, large, important

ततः (tataḥ) - then, thereafter, from there

(indeclinable)

लेख्यआदिषु (lekhyaādiṣu) - in writing and so on

(noun)

Locative, masculine, plural of lekhyādi

lekhyādi - writing and so on, arts of writing/drawing

Compound type : dvandva (lekhya+ādi)

• lekhya – writing, drawing, to be written
  noun (neuter)
  Gerundive
  From root likh- (to write) + ya suffix
  Root: likh (class 6)
• ādi – beginning, etcetera, and so on
  noun (masculine)

Note: Refers to areas of skill acquired.

तथा (tathā) - and also (thus, so, likewise, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects different areas of skill.

शिल्पेषु (śilpeṣu) - in crafts, in arts

(noun)

Locative, neuter, plural of śilpa

śilpa - art, craft, skill

Note: Another area of acquired skill.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects 'śilpeṣu' with the preceding list of skills.

परम् (param) - excellence, perfection (supreme, excellent, highest)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of para

para - supreme, highest, excellent, other

गता (gatā) - attained (excellence) (gone, attained, reached)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of gata

gata - gone, attained, reached

Past Passive Participle

From root gam- (to go)

Root: gam (class 1)

इष्वअस्त्रे (iṣvaastre) - in archery (in archery, in the skill of arrows and weapons)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of iṣvastra

iṣvastra - archery, arrows and weapons

Compound type : dvandva (iṣu+astra)

• iṣu – arrow
  noun (masculine)
• astra – weapon, missile
  noun (neuter)
  From root as- (to throw)
  Root: as (class 4)

Note: Indicates the field of expertise.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects 'iṣvastre' as another field of skill.

एव (eva) - indeed, certainly, only

(indeclinable)

राजेन्द्र (rājendra) - O king of kings, O emperor

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rājendra

rājendra - king of kings, emperor

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (rājan+indra)

• rājan – king
  noun (masculine)
  Root: rāj (class 1)
• indra – Indra, chief, lord
  noun (masculine)

द्रोणशिष्यः (droṇaśiṣyaḥ) - disciple of Droṇa

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of droṇaśiṣya

droṇaśiṣya - disciple of Droṇa

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (droṇa+śiṣya)

• droṇa – Droṇa (a preceptor in the Mahabharata)
  proper noun (masculine)
• śiṣya – pupil, student, disciple
  noun (masculine)
  From root śās- (to teach, to discipline)
  Root: śās (class 2)

Note: Predicate nominative for 'babhūva'.

बभूव (babhūva) - he became, he was

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (Lit) of bhū

Perfect (Lit) form of root bhū-

Root: bhū (class 1)

ह (ha) - indeed, surely (emphasizing particle)

(indeclinable)