महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-48, verse-13

वैशंपायन उवाच ।
एवमुक्तः स वैराटिर्हयान्संयम्य यत्नतः ।
नियम्य च ततो रश्मीन्यत्र ते कुरुपुंगवाः ।
अचोदयत्ततो वाहान्यतो दुर्योधनस्ततः ॥१३॥

13. vaiśaṁpāyana uvāca ,
evamuktaḥ sa vairāṭirhayānsaṁyamya yatnataḥ ,
niyamya ca tato raśmīnyatra te kurupuṁgavāḥ ,
acodayattato vāhānyato duryodhanastataḥ.

13. vaiśaṃpāyana uvāca evam uktaḥ saḥ vairāṭiḥ
hayān saṃyamya yatnataḥ niyamya ca
tataḥ raśmīn yatra te kurupuṅgavāḥ acodayat
tataḥ vāhān yataḥ duryodhanaḥ tataḥ

13. Vaiśaṃpāyana said: Thus addressed, the son of Virāṭa, Uttara, carefully restraining the horses and then controlling the reins, drove the steeds towards where those foremost of Kurus and Duryodhana were.

Words meanings summery:

• वैशंपायन (vaiśaṁpāyana) - The narrator of the Mahābhārata to Janamejaya. (Vaiśaṃpāyana (proper name))

• उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

• एवम् (evam) - Refers to the preceding words of Arjuna to Uttara. (thus, in this manner, so)

• उक्तः (uktaḥ) - spoken, said, addressed

• सः (saḥ) - Refers to Uttara, the son of Virāṭa. (he, that)

• वैराटिः (vairāṭiḥ) - Prince Uttara, Arjuna's charioteer. (the son of Virāṭa)

• हयान् (hayān) - horses

• संयम्य (saṁyamya) - having restrained, having controlled

• यत्नतः (yatnataḥ) - carefully, with effort, assiduously

• नियम्य (niyamya) - having controlled, having regulated, having disciplined

• च (ca) - and, also

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, thence, afterwards

• रश्मीन् (raśmīn) - Chariot reins. (reins, rays, ropes)

• यत्र (yatra) - where, in which place

• ते (te) - Refers to the Kauravas, specifically the kurupuṅgavāḥ. (those, they)

• कुरुपुङ्गवाः (kurupuṅgavāḥ) - Refers to the leading warriors of the Kaurava army. (foremost of the Kurus, best of the Kurus)

• अचोदयत् (acodayat) - Uttara drove the horses. (he drove, he urged)

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, thence, afterwards

• वाहान् (vāhān) - Refers to the horses of the chariot. (steeds, horses, bearers)

• यतः (yataḥ) - whence, where, from which place

• दुर्योधनः (duryodhanaḥ) - The eldest of the Kauravas, leader of their army. (Duryodhana (proper name))

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, thence, afterwards

Words meanings and morphology

वैशंपायन (vaiśaṁpāyana) - The narrator of the Mahābhārata to Janamejaya. (Vaiśaṃpāyana (proper name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vaiśaṃpāyana

vaiśaṁpāyana - Vaiśaṃpāyana, a sage, disciple of Vyāsa.

Patronymic from viśaṃpa + aṇ suffix.

उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

perfect tense (lit)

Perfect 3rd person singular, active voice, from root vac (class 2 adādi). Irregular formation.

Root: vac (class 2)

एवम् (evam) - Refers to the preceding words of Arjuna to Uttara. (thus, in this manner, so)

(indeclinable)

उक्तः (uktaḥ) - spoken, said, addressed

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ukta

ukta - spoken, said, told, uttered

Past Passive Participle

Formed from root vac (to speak) + kta (past passive participle) suffix. vac becomes uk.

Root: vac (class 2)

सः (saḥ) - Refers to Uttara, the son of Virāṭa. (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

masculine singular nominative. saḥ is the form before a voiced consonant or pause.

वैराटिः (vairāṭiḥ) - Prince Uttara, Arjuna's charioteer. (the son of Virāṭa)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vairāṭi

vairāṭi - son of Virāṭa

Patronymic from virāṭa + iṇ suffix.

Note: Subject of acodayat.

हयान् (hayān) - horses

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of haya

haya - horse, steed

From root hi (to go).

Root: hi

Note: Object of saṃyamya.

संयम्य (saṁyamya) - having restrained, having controlled

(indeclinable)

absolutive (gerund)

Formed from prefix sam + root yam + suffix -ya.

Prefix: sam

Root: yam (class 1)

यत्नतः (yatnataḥ) - carefully, with effort, assiduously

(indeclinable)

Formed from noun yatna (effort) + tas suffix (ablative/adverbial).

नियम्य (niyamya) - having controlled, having regulated, having disciplined

(indeclinable)

absolutive (gerund)

Formed from prefix ni + root yam + suffix -ya.

Prefix: ni

Root: yam (class 1)

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

ततः (tataḥ) - then, thence, afterwards

(indeclinable)

Formed from pronominal stem tad + suffix tas.

रश्मीन् (raśmīn) - Chariot reins. (reins, rays, ropes)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of raśmi

raśmi - ray, rein, rope, cord

From root raś (to shine).

Root: raś

Note: Object of niyamya.

यत्र (yatra) - where, in which place

(indeclinable)

Formed from pronominal stem yad + suffix tra.

ते (te) - Refers to the Kauravas, specifically the kurupuṅgavāḥ. (those, they)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

masculine plural nominative.

कुरुपुङ्गवाः (kurupuṅgavāḥ) - Refers to the leading warriors of the Kaurava army. (foremost of the Kurus, best of the Kurus)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of kurupuṅgava

kurupuṅgava - bull among Kurus, foremost of the Kurus, best of the Kurus

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kuru+puṅgava)

• kuru – Kuru (an ancient king, his descendants, or their territory)
  proper noun (masculine)
• puṅgava – bull, eminent, excellent, chief
  noun (masculine)

अचोदयत् (acodayat) - Uttara drove the horses. (he drove, he urged)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of cud

imperfect tense (laṅ), causal

Imperfect 3rd person singular, active voice, causal stem codaya from root cud (class 10 curādi).

Root: cud (class 10)

ततः (tataḥ) - then, thence, afterwards

(indeclinable)

Formed from pronominal stem tad + suffix tas.

वाहान् (vāhān) - Refers to the horses of the chariot. (steeds, horses, bearers)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of vāha

vāha - draught-animal, beast of burden, horse, vehicle, bearer

From root vah (to carry, convey).

Root: vah (class 1)

Note: Object of acodayat.

यतः (yataḥ) - whence, where, from which place

(indeclinable)

Formed from pronominal stem yad + suffix tas.

Note: Indicates direction towards Duryodhana.

दुर्योधनः (duryodhanaḥ) - The eldest of the Kauravas, leader of their army. (Duryodhana (proper name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of duryodhana

duryodhana - Duryodhana (a proper name, means 'difficult to fight' or 'bad fighter').

Compound of dur (bad, difficult) and yodhana (fighter).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (dur+yodhana)

• dur – bad, ill, difficult, hard
  indeclinable
• yodhana – fighter, warrior, fighting
  noun (masculine)
  agent noun
  From root yudh (to fight) + anaṭ suffix.
  Root: yudh (class 4)

Note: Refers to the Kaurava prince.

ततः (tataḥ) - then, thence, afterwards

(indeclinable)

Formed from pronominal stem tad + suffix tas.