महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-45, verse-4

चातुर्वर्ण्यस्य कर्माणि विहितानि मनीषिभिः ।
धनं यैरधिगन्तव्यं यच्च कुर्वन्न दुष्यति ॥४॥

4. cāturvarṇyasya karmāṇi vihitāni manīṣibhiḥ ,
dhanaṁ yairadhigantavyaṁ yacca kurvanna duṣyati.

4. cāturvarṇyasya karmāṇi vihitāni manīṣibhiḥ dhanam
yaiḥ adhigantavyaṃ yat ca kurvan na duṣyati

4. The duties (karma) of the four social classes (cāturvarṇya) were prescribed by the wise, and these are the duties by which wealth is to be acquired, and performing which one does not become tainted.

Words meanings summery:

• चातुर्वर्ण्यस्य (cāturvarṇyasya) - of the four social classes (cāturvarṇya) (of the four social classes, of the four varṇas)

• कर्माणि (karmāṇi) - duties (karma) (actions, deeds, duties)

• विहितानि (vihitāni) - (duties) prescribed (prescribed, ordained, enjoined, arranged)

• मनीषिभिः (manīṣibhiḥ) - by the wise (by the wise, by the intelligent ones, by the thinkers)

• धनम् (dhanam) - wealth, riches, property

• यैः (yaiḥ) - by which (duties) (by whom, by which)

• अधिगन्तव्यं (adhigantavyaṁ) - (wealth) is to be acquired (to be obtained, to be acquired, that which should be gone to)

• यत् (yat) - (duties) which (which, that)

• च (ca) - and, also

• कुर्वन् (kurvan) - performing (them) (doing, performing, making)

• न (na) - not, no

• दुष्यति (duṣyati) - (one) does not become tainted (by sin/fault) (becomes tainted, becomes faulty, sins, perishes)

Words meanings and morphology

चातुर्वर्ण्यस्य (cāturvarṇyasya) - of the four social classes (cāturvarṇya) (of the four social classes, of the four varṇas)

(noun)

Genitive, neuter, singular of cāturvarṇya

cāturvarṇya - the system of four social classes (brāhmaṇa, kṣatriya, vaiśya, śūdra), the four varṇas

Derived from 'caturvarṇa' (four classes) + 'ya' suffix.

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (catur+varṇa)

• catur – four
  numeral
• varṇa – color, class, caste
  noun (masculine)

Note: Qualifies 'karmāṇi'.

कर्माणि (karmāṇi) - duties (karma) (actions, deeds, duties)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, plural of karma

karma - action, deed, work, duty, ritual, consequence of action

Derived from root 'kṛ' 'to do'.

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Subject of the implicit verb 'are'.

विहितानि (vihitāni) - (duties) prescribed (prescribed, ordained, enjoined, arranged)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, plural of vihita

vihita - prescribed, ordained, appointed, arranged, placed

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root 'dhā' with prefix 'vi'.

Prefix: vi

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Serves as a predicate adjective.

मनीषिभिः (manīṣibhiḥ) - by the wise (by the wise, by the intelligent ones, by the thinkers)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of manīṣin

manīṣin - wise, intelligent, thoughtful, a sage

Derived from 'manīṣā' (intellect, wisdom).

Root: man (class 4)

Note: Agent of 'vihitāni'.

धनम् (dhanam) - wealth, riches, property

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of dhana

dhana - wealth, riches, property, money

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Subject of 'adhigantavyaṃ'.

यैः (yaiḥ) - by which (duties) (by whom, by which)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of yad

yad - which, what, that

Relative pronoun.

Note: Refers back to the 'karmāṇi'.

अधिगन्तव्यं (adhigantavyaṁ) - (wealth) is to be acquired (to be obtained, to be acquired, that which should be gone to)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of adhigantavya

adhigantavya - to be obtained, to be acquired, to be known, to be reached

Gerundive (passive future participle)

Derived from root 'gam' with prefix 'adhi', suffix '-tavya'.

Prefix: adhi

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Predicate adjective, expressing obligation or fitness.

यत् (yat) - (duties) which (which, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of yad

yad - which, what, that

Relative pronoun.

Note: Subject of the 'kurvan' clause.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunction.

कुर्वन् (kurvan) - performing (them) (doing, performing, making)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kurvat

kṛ - to do, to make, to perform

Present active participle

Derived from root 'kṛ' (class 8), present participle stem 'kurvat'.

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Adjectival use, agreeing with an implied agent.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Note: Negates the verb 'duṣyati'.

दुष्यति (duṣyati) - (one) does not become tainted (by sin/fault) (becomes tainted, becomes faulty, sins, perishes)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present indicative (laṭ) of duṣ

Present active indicative

Root 'duṣ' (class 4), present stem 'duṣya-'.

Root: duṣ (class 4)

Note: The subject is implied 'one' (who performs).