महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-45, verse-20

पुत्रादनन्तरः शिष्य इति धर्मविदो विदुः ।
एतेनापि निमित्तेन प्रियो द्रोणस्य पाण्डवः ॥२०॥

20. putrādanantaraḥ śiṣya iti dharmavido viduḥ ,
etenāpi nimittena priyo droṇasya pāṇḍavaḥ.

20. putrāt anantaraḥ śiṣyaḥ iti dharmavidaḥ viduḥ
etena api nimittena priyaḥ droṇasya pāṇḍavaḥ

20. Experts in natural law (dharma) know that a disciple is considered to be next only to a son. For this very reason, Arjuna, the Pāṇḍava, is dear to Droṇa.

Words meanings summery:

• पुत्रात् (putrāt) - than a son (from a son, than a son)

• अनन्तरः (anantaraḥ) - next (in importance or relation) (next, immediate, not separated, uninterrupted, close)

• शिष्यः (śiṣyaḥ) - disciple (disciple, student)

• इति (iti) - (marks a statement) (thus, so, in this manner (marks direct speech or thought))

• धर्मविदः (dharmavidaḥ) - experts in natural law (dharma) (knowers of dharma (natural law))

• विदुः (viduḥ) - they know

• एतेन (etena) - by this

• अपि (api) - even, very (also, even, too)

• निमित्तेन (nimittena) - by reason, for this reason (by reason, by cause, on account of)

• प्रियः (priyaḥ) - dear (dear, beloved)

• द्रोणस्य (droṇasya) - of Droṇa

• पाण्डवः (pāṇḍavaḥ) - Arjuna, the Pāṇḍava (son of Pāṇḍu, Arjuna)

Words meanings and morphology

पुत्रात् (putrāt) - than a son (from a son, than a son)

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of putra

putra - son, child

अनन्तरः (anantaraḥ) - next (in importance or relation) (next, immediate, not separated, uninterrupted, close)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of anantara

anantara - next, immediate, not separated, uninterrupted

Compound of 'an' (not) and 'antara' (interval, difference).

Compound type : bahuvrihi (an+antara)

• an – not, non-
  indeclinable
• antara – interval, interior, difference, space
  noun (neuter)

Note: Nominative singular masculine, qualifying 'śiṣyaḥ'.

शिष्यः (śiṣyaḥ) - disciple (disciple, student)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śiṣya

śiṣya - disciple, student, pupil

Gerundive

From √śās (to teach, instruct) with suffix -ya.

Root: śās (class 2)

इति (iti) - (marks a statement) (thus, so, in this manner (marks direct speech or thought))

(indeclinable)

धर्मविदः (dharmavidaḥ) - experts in natural law (dharma) (knowers of dharma (natural law))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of dharmavid

dharmavid - knower of dharma, righteous person

Compound of 'dharma' and 'vid' (knowing).

Compound type : tatpurusha (dharma+vid)

• dharma – constitution, natural law, intrinsic nature, righteousness, duty
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• vid – knowing, one who knows
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun from √vid (to know).
  Root: vid (class 2)

विदुः (viduḥ) - they know

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of vid

Root: vid (class 2)

एतेन (etena) - by this

(pronoun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of etad

etad - this, that

Note: Instrumental singular neuter, agreeing with 'nimittena'.

अपि (api) - even, very (also, even, too)

(indeclinable)

Note: Used to emphasize 'etena nimittena' (for this very reason).

निमित्तेन (nimittena) - by reason, for this reason (by reason, by cause, on account of)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of nimitta

nimitta - cause, reason, motive, sign

प्रियः (priyaḥ) - dear (dear, beloved)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of priya

priya - dear, beloved, pleasing

Note: Nominative singular masculine, qualifying 'pāṇḍavaḥ'.

द्रोणस्य (droṇasya) - of Droṇa

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of droṇa

droṇa - Droṇa (name of a teacher); a measure of grain

पाण्डवः (pāṇḍavaḥ) - Arjuna, the Pāṇḍava (son of Pāṇḍu, Arjuna)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - descendant of Pāṇḍu, one of the Pāṇḍavas, Arjuna

Apatya (descendant) derivative from Pāṇḍu.