महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-45, verse-1

अश्वत्थामोवाच ।
न च तावज्जिता गावो न च सीमान्तरं गताः ।
न हास्तिनपुरं प्राप्तास्त्वं च कर्ण विकत्थसे ॥१॥

1. aśvatthāmovāca ,
na ca tāvajjitā gāvo na ca sīmāntaraṁ gatāḥ ,
na hāstinapuraṁ prāptāstvaṁ ca karṇa vikatthase.

1. aśvatthāmā uvāca na ca tāvat jitāḥ gāvaḥ na ca sīmāntaram
gatāḥ na hastināpuram prāptāḥ tvam ca karṇa vikatthase

1. Aśvatthāmā said: 'The cows have not yet been won, nor have the borders been crossed. Hastināpura has not been reached, and yet, Karṇa, you are boasting!'

Words meanings summery:

• अश्वत्थामा (aśvatthāmā) - Aśvatthāmā

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• च (ca) - and

• तावत् (tāvat) - yet (yet, so far, thus far)

• जिताः (jitāḥ) - won (referring to the cows) (conquered, won)

• गावः (gāvaḥ) - cows (cows, cattle)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• च (ca) - and

• सीमान्तरम् (sīmāntaram) - other borders (other boundary, intermediate region)

• गताः (gatāḥ) - crossed, reached (gone, reached)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• हस्तिनापुरम् (hastināpuram) - Hastināpura

• प्राप्ताः (prāptāḥ) - reached (reached, arrived, obtained)

• त्वम् (tvam) - you

• च (ca) - and

• कर्ण (karṇa) - Karṇa

• विकत्थसे (vikatthase) - you are boasting (you boast, you brag)

Words meanings and morphology

अश्वत्थामा (aśvatthāmā) - Aśvatthāmā

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of aśvatthāmā

aśvatthāmā - Aśvatthāmā (a proper name, son of Droṇa)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect tense, active voice

Root verb from 2nd class (used as a 3rd class form)

Root: vac (class 2)

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

तावत् (tāvat) - yet (yet, so far, thus far)

(indeclinable)

जिताः (jitāḥ) - won (referring to the cows) (conquered, won)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, plural of jita

jita - conquered, won, subdued

Past Passive Participle

From root ji (to conquer)

Root: ji (class 1)

Note: Participle used as an adjective modifying 'gāvaḥ'. Forms sandhi 'tāvajjitā' and 'jitā gāvo' in the verse.

गावः (gāvaḥ) - cows (cows, cattle)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of go

go - cow, cattle, earth, ray of light

Note: Forms sandhi 'gāvo' in the verse.

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

सीमान्तरम् (sīmāntaram) - other borders (other boundary, intermediate region)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of sīmāntara

sīmāntara - another boundary, intermediate region, borderland

Compound type : tatpurusha (sīmā+antara)

• sīmā – boundary, limit, border
  noun (feminine)
• antara – other, intermediate, inside, difference
  adjective (neuter)

Note: Forms sandhi 'sīmāntaraṃ' in the verse.

गताः (gatāḥ) - crossed, reached (gone, reached)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of gata

gata - gone, reached, obtained

Past Passive Participle

From root gam (to go)

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Participle used as an adjective modifying the implied 'we'.

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

हस्तिनापुरम् (hastināpuram) - Hastināpura

(proper noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of hastināpura

hastināpura - Hastināpura (a proper name, the capital of the Kauravas)

Note: Forms sandhi 'hastināpuraṃ' in the verse.

प्राप्ताः (prāptāḥ) - reached (reached, arrived, obtained)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of prāpta

prāpta - reached, obtained, arrived

Past Passive Participle

From root āp (to obtain) with prefix pra

Prefix: pra

Root: āp (class 5)

Note: Participle used as an adjective, referring to the implied subject 'we'. Forms sandhi 'prāptās tvaṃ' in the verse.

त्वम् (tvam) - you

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

Note: Forms sandhi 'prāptās tvaṃ' in the verse.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

कर्ण (karṇa) - Karṇa

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of karṇa

karṇa - Karṇa (a proper name, the son of Kuntī and Sūrya)

विकत्थसे (vikatthase) - you are boasting (you boast, you brag)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of katth

Present tense, middle voice

Root verb from 1st class with prefix vi

Prefix: vi

Root: katth (class 1)