महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-41, verse-2

ध्वजं सिंहं रथात्तस्मादपनीय महारथः ।
प्रणिधाय शमीमूले प्रायादुत्तरसारथिः ॥२॥

2. dhvajaṁ siṁhaṁ rathāttasmādapanīya mahārathaḥ ,
praṇidhāya śamīmūle prāyāduttarasārathiḥ.

2. dhvajam siṃham rathāt tasmāt apanīya mahā-rathaḥ
praṇidhāya śamī-mūle prāyāt uttara-sārathiḥ

2. The great charioteer (Arjuna), after taking down that lion banner from the chariot and placing it at the base of the śamī tree, then departed with Uttara as his charioteer.

Words meanings summery:

• ध्वजम् (dhvajam) - banner, standard, flag

• सिंहम् (siṁham) - The banner which had a lion emblem or shape. (lion, lion-emblazoned (banner))

• रथात् (rathāt) - from the chariot

• तस्मात् (tasmāt) - from that

• अपनीय (apanīya) - having removed, having taken away

• महा-रथः (mahā-rathaḥ) - Arjuna, who is a great charioteer. (great charioteer, mighty warrior)

• प्रणिधाय (praṇidhāya) - having placed, having laid down

• शमी-मूले (śamī-mūle) - at the root/base of the śamī tree

• प्रायात् (prāyāt) - departed, set out, went forth

• उत्तर-सारथिः (uttara-sārathiḥ) - Arjuna, accompanied by Uttara who was acting as his charioteer. (with Uttara as charioteer, having Uttara as charioteer)

Words meanings and morphology

ध्वजम् (dhvajam) - banner, standard, flag

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dhvaja

dhvaja - banner, flag, standard, emblem

Note: Object of 'apanīya' and 'praṇidhāya'.

सिंहम् (siṁham) - The banner which had a lion emblem or shape. (lion, lion-emblazoned (banner))

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of siṃha

siṁha - lion; chief, best of its kind

Note: Agrees with 'dhvajam'.

रथात् (rathāt) - from the chariot

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of ratha

ratha - chariot, car

Root: ram

Note: Indicates separation from the chariot.

तस्मात् (tasmāt) - from that

(pronoun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Agrees with 'rathāt'.

अपनीय (apanīya) - having removed, having taken away

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (gerund)

Formed from the root 'nī' (class 1) with prefix 'apa' and suffix '-ya' (lyap).

Prefix: apa

Root: nī (class 1)

महा-रथः (mahā-rathaḥ) - Arjuna, who is a great charioteer. (great charioteer, mighty warrior)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahāratha

mahāratha - great charioteer, mighty warrior, one who can fight alone against many

Compound of 'mahā' (great) and 'ratha' (chariot/charioteer).

Compound type : Karmadhāraya (mahā+ratha)

• mahā – great, mighty, large
  adjective (feminine)
  Feminine stem of 'mahat' used as the first member of a compound.
• ratha – chariot, war-chariot; a charioteer (by extension)
  noun (masculine)
  Root: ram

Note: Subject of the main verb 'prāyāt'.

प्रणिधाय (praṇidhāya) - having placed, having laid down

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (gerund)

Formed from the root 'dhā' (class 3) with prefixes 'pra' and 'ni' and suffix '-ya' (lyap). The 'n' of 'ni' becomes 'ṇ' due to retroflexion rule.

Prefixes: pra+ni

Root: dhā (class 3)

शमी-मूले (śamī-mūle) - at the root/base of the śamī tree

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of śamīmūla

śamīmūla - root of the śamī tree, base of the śamī tree

Compound of 'śamī' (śamī tree) and 'mūla' (root/base).

Compound type : Genitive Tatpuruṣa (śamī+mūla)

• śamī – the śamī tree
  noun (feminine)
• mūla – root, base, foundation, origin
  noun (neuter)

Note: Indicates the location where the banner was placed.

प्रायात् (prāyāt) - departed, set out, went forth

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of i

Imperfect active 3rd singular

Root 'i' (class 2) with prefix 'pra' and augment 'ā' in imperfect tense, active voice, 3rd person singular.

Prefix: pra

Root: i (class 2)

उत्तर-सारथिः (uttara-sārathiḥ) - Arjuna, accompanied by Uttara who was acting as his charioteer. (with Uttara as charioteer, having Uttara as charioteer)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of uttarasārathi

uttarasārathi - having Uttara as charioteer, whose charioteer is Uttara

Compound of 'uttara' (name of prince) and 'sārathi' (charioteer).

Compound type : Bahuvrīhi (uttara+sārathi)

• uttara – Uttara (prince's name)
  proper noun (masculine)
• sārathi – charioteer
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from 'sa-ratha' (having a chariot).

Note: Agrees with the implied subject (Arjuna).