महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-41, verse-12

स त्वं कथमिहानेन शङ्खशब्देन भीषितः ।
विषण्णरूपो वित्रस्तः पुरुषः प्राकृतो यथा ॥१२॥

12. sa tvaṁ kathamihānena śaṅkhaśabdena bhīṣitaḥ ,
viṣaṇṇarūpo vitrastaḥ puruṣaḥ prākṛto yathā.

12. sa tvam katham iha anena śaṅkhaśabdena bhīṣitaḥ
viṣaṇṇarūpaḥ vitrastaḥ puruṣaḥ prākṛtaḥ yathā

12. How is it that you are now frightened by this conch sound, appearing dejected and utterly terrified, just like an ordinary man?

Words meanings summery:

• स (sa) - that (referring to 'you' as a specific person previously mentioned or implied) (that, he)

• त्वम् (tvam) - you

• कथम् (katham) - how is it that (how, why)

• इह (iha) - now, in this situation (here, in this world, now)

• अनेन (anena) - by this, with this

• शङ्खशब्देन (śaṅkhaśabdena) - by the conch sound

• भीषितः (bhīṣitaḥ) - frightened, terrified

• विषण्णरूपः (viṣaṇṇarūpaḥ) - having a dejected appearance, depressed in form

• वित्रस्तः (vitrastaḥ) - greatly agitated, terrified, alarmed

• पुरुषः (puruṣaḥ) - man (ordinary person) (man, person, male, cosmic person (puruṣa))

• प्राकृतः (prākṛtaḥ) - ordinary, common, natural, vulgar

• यथा (yathā) - just like (as, just as, like, in the manner that)

Words meanings and morphology

स (sa) - that (referring to 'you' as a specific person previously mentioned or implied) (that, he)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to 'tvam'.

त्वम् (tvam) - you

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

कथम् (katham) - how is it that (how, why)

(indeclinable)

Note: Interrogative adverb.

इह (iha) - now, in this situation (here, in this world, now)

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverb of place or time.

अनेन (anena) - by this, with this

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this

Note: Agrees with 'śaṅkhaśabdena'.

शङ्खशब्देन (śaṅkhaśabdena) - by the conch sound

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of śaṅkhaśabda

śaṅkhaśabda - sound of a conch

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śaṅkha+śabda)

• śaṅkha – conch
  noun (masculine)
• śabda – sound, noise
  noun (masculine)
  Root: śabd (class 1)

Note: Agent of the passive participle 'bhīṣitaḥ'.

भीषितः (bhīṣitaḥ) - frightened, terrified

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣita

bhīṣita - frightened, terrified

Past Passive Participle

Derived from the causative stem of root bhī (to fear) with suffix -ta

Root: bhī (class 3)

Note: Agrees with 'tvam'.

विषण्णरूपः (viṣaṇṇarūpaḥ) - having a dejected appearance, depressed in form

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of viṣaṇṇarūpa

viṣaṇṇarūpa - having a dejected appearance

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (viṣaṇṇa+rūpa)

• viṣaṇṇa – dejected, sad, dispirited
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root sad (to sit, sink down) with upasarga vi-
  Prefix: vi
  Root: sad (class 1)
• rūpa – form, appearance, shape
  noun (neuter)

Note: Agrees with 'tvam'.

वित्रस्तः (vitrastaḥ) - greatly agitated, terrified, alarmed

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vitrasta

vitrasta - greatly agitated, terrified, alarmed

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root tras (to tremble, be afraid) with upasarga vi-

Prefix: vi

Root: tras (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'tvam'.

पुरुषः (puruṣaḥ) - man (ordinary person) (man, person, male, cosmic person (puruṣa))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of puruṣa

puruṣa - man, person, male, cosmic person (puruṣa)

प्राकृतः (prākṛtaḥ) - ordinary, common, natural, vulgar

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of prākṛta

prākṛta - ordinary, common, natural, vulgar

Derived from 'prakṛti' with suffix -a

Note: Agrees with 'puruṣaḥ'.

यथा (yathā) - just like (as, just as, like, in the manner that)

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverb of comparison.