महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-14, verse-19

वैशंपायन उवाच ।
उपातिष्ठत सा सूर्यं मुहूर्तमबला ततः ।
स तस्यास्तनुमध्यायाः सर्वं सूर्योऽवबुद्धवान् ॥१९॥

19. vaiśaṁpāyana uvāca ,
upātiṣṭhata sā sūryaṁ muhūrtamabalā tataḥ ,
sa tasyāstanumadhyāyāḥ sarvaṁ sūryo'vabuddhavān.

19. vaiśaṃpāyana uvāca | upātiṣṭhata sā sūryam muhūrtam abalā
tataḥ | sa tasyāḥ tanumadhyāyāḥ sarvam sūryaḥ avabuddhavān

19. Vaiśaṃpāyana said: Then, that helpless woman (Draupadī) stood facing the sun god for a moment. That Sun god understood everything concerning that slender-waisted woman.

Words meanings summery:

• वैशंपायन (vaiśaṁpāyana) - Vaiśaṃpāyana (name of a sage)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• उपातिष्ठत (upātiṣṭhata) - stood facing (the sun god), engaged in prayer/worship to the sun (approached, stood near, worshipped)

• सा (sā) - Draupadī (she, that (feminine))

• सूर्यम् (sūryam) - the sun, the sun god

• मुहूर्तम् (muhūrtam) - for a moment, for an instant, a short time

• अबला (abalā) - Draupadī, in her helpless state (a weak woman, a helpless woman)

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, after her prayer (then, thereafter, from there)

• स (sa) - the Sun god (he, that (masculine))

• तस्याः (tasyāḥ) - of Draupadī (of her, of that (feminine))

• तनुमध्यायाः (tanumadhyāyāḥ) - of Draupadī, who has a slender waist (of the slender-waisted one)

• सर्वम् (sarvam) - all, everything

• सूर्यः (sūryaḥ) - the sun, the sun god

• अवबुद्धवान् (avabuddhavān) - he knew, he understood, he perceived

Words meanings and morphology

वैशंपायन (vaiśaṁpāyana) - Vaiśaṃpāyana (name of a sage)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vaiśaṃpāyana

vaiśaṁpāyana - Vaiśaṃpāyana (a sage, disciple of Vyāsa and narrator of the Mahābhārata)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect Active

3rd person singular Perfect active of √vac (to speak)

Root: vac (class 2)

उपातिष्ठत (upātiṣṭhata) - stood facing (the sun god), engaged in prayer/worship to the sun (approached, stood near, worshipped)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, imperfect (laṅ) of upasthā

Imperfect Middle

3rd person singular Imperfect Middle (Ātmanepada) of √sthā (to stand) with prefix upa-

Prefix: upa

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: The 3rd person subject is 'sā' (Draupadī).

सा (sā) - Draupadī (she, that (feminine))

(pronoun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it (demonstrative pronoun)

सूर्यम् (sūryam) - the sun, the sun god

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of sūrya

sūrya - the sun, the sun god, Sūrya

मुहूर्तम् (muhūrtam) - for a moment, for an instant, a short time

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of muhūrta

muhūrta - a moment, an instant, a division of time (48 minutes)

अबला (abalā) - Draupadī, in her helpless state (a weak woman, a helpless woman)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of abalā

abalā - a weak woman, a helpless woman

Derived from 'bala' (strength) with negative prefix 'a-' and feminine suffix '-ā'.

Note: Functions as an epithet for Draupadī.

ततः (tataḥ) - then, after her prayer (then, thereafter, from there)

(indeclinable)

स (sa) - the Sun god (he, that (masculine))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it (demonstrative pronoun)

Note: Refers to Sūrya (the Sun god).

तस्याः (tasyāḥ) - of Draupadī (of her, of that (feminine))

(pronoun)

Genitive, feminine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it (demonstrative pronoun)

तनुमध्यायाः (tanumadhyāyāḥ) - of Draupadī, who has a slender waist (of the slender-waisted one)

(adjective)

Genitive, feminine, singular of tanumadhyā

tanumadhyā - slender-waisted, having a slender middle

Bahuvrīhi compound, meaning 'having a slender middle'.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (tanu+madhya)

• tanu – slender, thin, delicate
  adjective
• madhya – middle, waist, center
  noun (neuter)

सर्वम् (sarvam) - all, everything

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole, entire

सूर्यः (sūryaḥ) - the sun, the sun god

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sūrya

sūrya - the sun, the sun god, Sūrya

Note: Subject of the verb 'avabuddhavān'.

अवबुद्धवान् (avabuddhavān) - he knew, he understood, he perceived

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of avabuddha

avabuddha - understood, known, perceived

Past Active Participle

Past Active Participle of √budh (to know, understand) with prefix ava-, formed with the 'vat' suffix indicating the agent.

Prefix: ava

Root: budh (class 1)