महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-234, verse-28

वेदव्रतोपवासेन चतुर्थे चायुषो गते ।
गुरवे दक्षिणां दत्त्वा समावर्तेद्यथाविधि ॥२८॥

28. vedavratopavāsena caturthe cāyuṣo gate ,
gurave dakṣiṇāṁ dattvā samāvartedyathāvidhi.

28. vedavratopavāsena caturthe ca āyuṣaḥ gate
gurave dakṣiṇām dattvā samāvarteta yathāvidhi

28. ca āyuṣaḥ caturthe gate vedavratopavāsena
gurave dakṣiṇām dattvā yathāvidhi samāvarteta

28. And when the fourth portion of his life (āyuṣ) has passed, after completing the Vedic vows and fasts, one should give a ceremonial fee (dakṣiṇā) to the preceptor (guru) and return home (samāvarteta) in accordance with the sacred rules.

Words meanings summery:

• वेदव्रतोपवासेन (vedavratopavāsena) - by means of the Vedic vows and fasts (by means of Vedic vows and fasts)

• चतुर्थे (caturthe) - when the fourth (part) (in the fourth, when the fourth)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• आयुषः (āyuṣaḥ) - of his life (āyuṣ) (of life, of duration)

• गते (gate) - passed (gone, passed, reached)

• गुरवे (gurave) - to the preceptor (guru) (to the guru, for the guru)

• दक्षिणाम् (dakṣiṇām) - a ceremonial fee (dakṣiṇā) (fee, gift, donation, sacrificial fee)

• दत्त्वा (dattvā) - having given

• समावर्तेत (samāvarteta) - one should return home (from gurukula) (should return, should complete his studies and return)

• यथाविधि (yathāvidhi) - in accordance with the sacred rules (according to rule, properly, ritually)

Words meanings and morphology

वेदव्रतोपवासेन (vedavratopavāsena) - by means of the Vedic vows and fasts (by means of Vedic vows and fasts)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of vedavratopavāsa

vedavratopavāsa - vows and fasts related to Vedic study

Compound of 'veda' + 'vrata' + 'upavāsa'

Compound type : dvandva / tatpurusha (veda+vrata+upavāsa)

• veda – Veda, sacred knowledge
  noun (masculine)
  Root: vid (class 2)
• vrata – vow, sacred observance, religious practice
  noun (neuter)
  Root: vṛ (class 5)
• upavāsa – fasting, abstinence from food
  noun (masculine)
  From 'upa' + 'vas' (to dwell, stay)
  Prefix: upa
  Root: vas (class 1)

Note: Instrumental case indicates means or cause.

चतुर्थे (caturthe) - when the fourth (part) (in the fourth, when the fourth)

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of caturtha

caturtha - fourth

Note: Locative absolute construction with 'gate' and 'āyuṣaḥ'.

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

आयुषः (āyuṣaḥ) - of his life (āyuṣ) (of life, of duration)

(noun)

Genitive, neuter, singular of āyus

āyus - life, vitality, duration of life, age

Root: i (class 2)

Note: Genitive case with 'caturthe' indicating 'the fourth of life'.

गते (gate) - passed (gone, passed, reached)

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of gata

gata - gone, passed, departed, reached

Past Passive Participle

From root 'gam' (to go)

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Locative absolute construction, 'when the fourth (part) has passed'.

गुरवे (gurave) - to the preceptor (guru) (to the guru, for the guru)

(noun)

Dative, masculine, singular of guru

guru - teacher, spiritual preceptor, heavy, venerable

दक्षिणाम् (dakṣiṇām) - a ceremonial fee (dakṣiṇā) (fee, gift, donation, sacrificial fee)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of dakṣiṇā

dakṣiṇā - right (direction), skillful, sacrificial fee, gift

Root: dakṣ (class 1)

दत्त्वा (dattvā) - having given

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From root 'dā' (to give)

Root: dā (class 3)

समावर्तेत (samāvarteta) - one should return home (from gurukula) (should return, should complete his studies and return)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of samāvart

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Refers to the 'samāvartana' ceremony marking the end of student life.

यथाविधि (yathāvidhi) - in accordance with the sacred rules (according to rule, properly, ritually)

(indeclinable)

Compound of 'yathā' (as, according to) + 'vidhi' (rule, injunction)

Compound type : avyayībhāva (yathā+vidhi)

• yathā – as, like, according to
  indeclinable
• vidhi – rule, ordinance, injunction, method
  noun (masculine)
  From 'vi' + 'dhā'
  Prefix: vi
  Root: dhā (class 3)