महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-234, verse-18

जघन्यशायी पूर्वं स्यादुत्थायी गुरुवेश्मनि ।
यच्च शिष्येण कर्तव्यं कार्यं दासेन वा पुनः ॥१८॥

18. jaghanyaśāyī pūrvaṁ syādutthāyī guruveśmani ,
yacca śiṣyeṇa kartavyaṁ kāryaṁ dāsena vā punaḥ.

18. jaghanyaśāyī pūrvam syāt utthāyī guruveśmani
yat ca śiṣyeṇa kartavyam kāryam dāsena vā punaḥ

18. guruveśmani śiṣyeṇa yat ca kartavyam kāryam
dāsena vā punaḥ jaghanyaśāyī pūrvam utthāyī syāt

18. In the teacher's (guru) house, a disciple should be the last to lie down and the first to rise. Furthermore, whatever duty (karma) is to be performed by a disciple, or by a servant...

Words meanings summery:

• जघन्यशायी (jaghanyaśāyī) - one who lies down last

• पूर्वम् (pūrvam) - first, before, formerly

• स्यात् (syāt) - may be, should be

• उत्थायी (utthāyī) - one who rises, standing up

• गुरुवेश्मनि (guruveśmani) - in the teacher's house

• यत् (yat) - what, which, whatever

• च (ca) - and, also

• शिष्येण (śiṣyeṇa) - by the disciple

• कर्तव्यम् (kartavyam) - to be done, duty

• कार्यम् (kāryam) - task, work, business

• दासेन (dāsena) - by the servant

• वा (vā) - or

• पुनः (punaḥ) - again, moreover

Words meanings and morphology

जघन्यशायी (jaghanyaśāyī) - one who lies down last

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jaghanyaśāyin

jaghanyaśāyin - one who lies last, the lowest to lie down

Derived from jaghanya (last) and śāyin (lying, from root śī 'to lie' + ṇin suffix).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (jaghanya+śāyin)

• jaghanya – last, lowest, hindmost, worst
  adjective
• śāyin – lying, sleeping, resting, one who lies
  adjective (masculine)
  Present Active Participle
  From root śī (to lie down) + ṇin (agent suffix, forming a participle-like adjective).
  Root: śī (class 2)

पूर्वम् (pūrvam) - first, before, formerly

(indeclinable)

Note: Functions adverbially here, meaning 'first'.

स्यात् (syāt) - may be, should be

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of as

Optative Mood

3rd person singular present optative active.

Root: as (class 2)

उत्थायी (utthāyī) - one who rises, standing up

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of utthāyin

utthāyin - rising, standing up, one who rises

From ud-sthā (to stand up) + ṇin (agent suffix).

Prefix: ud

Root: sthā (class 1)

गुरुवेश्मनि (guruveśmani) - in the teacher's house

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of guruveśman

guruveśman - teacher's house

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (guru+veśman)

• guru – teacher, preceptor, respected one (guru)
  noun (masculine)
• veśman – house, dwelling, abode
  noun (neuter)
  Root: viś (class 6)

यत् (yat) - what, which, whatever

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of yad

yad - which, what, whatever, that

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

शिष्येण (śiṣyeṇa) - by the disciple

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of śiṣya

śiṣya - disciple, student, pupil

Gerundive from śās (to teach, instruct) + yat.

Root: śās (class 2)

कर्तव्यम् (kartavyam) - to be done, duty

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kartavya

kartavya - to be done, proper to be done, duty, obligation

Gerundive

From root kṛ (to do) + tavya (gerundive suffix).

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Agrees with kāryam.

कार्यम् (kāryam) - task, work, business

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kārya

kārya - to be done, action, work, business, purpose, duty

Gerundive

From root kṛ (to do) + ṇyat (gerundive suffix).

Root: kṛ (class 8)

दासेन (dāsena) - by the servant

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of dāsa

dāsa - servant, slave, attendant

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

पुनः (punaḥ) - again, moreover

(indeclinable)

Adverb.