महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-163, verse-21

तमागतं द्विजं दृष्ट्वा विस्मितो गौतमोऽभवत् ।
क्षुत्पिपासापरीतात्मा हिंसार्थी चाप्यवैक्षत ॥२१॥

21. tamāgataṁ dvijaṁ dṛṣṭvā vismito gautamo'bhavat ,
kṣutpipāsāparītātmā hiṁsārthī cāpyavaikṣata.

21. tam āgatam dvijam dṛṣṭvā vismitaḥ Gautamaḥ abhavat
kṣutpipāsāparītātmā hiṃsārthī ca api avaikṣata

21. Gautamaḥ tam āgatam dvijam dṛṣṭvā vismitaḥ abhavat
kṣutpipāsāparītātmā ca api hiṃsārthī avaikṣata

21. When Gautama saw that brahmin (dvija) who had arrived, he was astonished. With his being afflicted by hunger and thirst, he also looked at him with the intention of violence.

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - that brahmin (him, that)

• आगतम् (āgatam) - who has come, arrived

• द्विजम् (dvijam) - brahmin (twice-born, brahmin, bird)

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

• विस्मितः (vismitaḥ) - astonished, amazed

• गौतमः (gautamaḥ) - Gautama (proper name)

• अभवत् (abhavat) - became, was

• क्षुत्पिपासापरीतात्मा (kṣutpipāsāparītātmā) - whose self is afflicted by hunger and thirst

• हिंसार्थी (hiṁsārthī) - intending harm, seeking violence

• च (ca) - and, also

• अपि (api) - also, even, too

• अवैक्षत (avaikṣata) - he looked, observed

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - that brahmin (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

आगतम् (āgatam) - who has come, arrived

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of āgata

āgata - come, arrived, approached

Past Passive Participle

From √gam with prefix ā-

Prefix: ā

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'dvijam'.

द्विजम् (dvijam) - brahmin (twice-born, brahmin, bird)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dvija

dvija - twice-born, brahmin, bird, snake, tooth

Compound type : tatpurusha (dvi+ja)

• dvi – two
  numeral
• ja – born, produced
  adjective
  From √jan
  Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Object of 'dṛṣṭvā'.

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

(indeclinable)

Absolutive/Gerund

Formed from √dṛś

Root: dṛś (class 1)

विस्मितः (vismitaḥ) - astonished, amazed

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vismita

vismita - astonished, amazed, perplexed

Past Passive Participle

From √smi with prefix vi-

Prefix: vi

Root: smi (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'Gautamaḥ'.

गौतमः (gautamaḥ) - Gautama (proper name)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of Gautama

Gautama - Gautama (name of a sage)

Note: Subject of 'abhavat'.

अभवत् (abhavat) - became, was

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of bhū

Imperfect Active

Root bhū, 3rd person singular

Root: bhū (class 1)

क्षुत्पिपासापरीतात्मा (kṣutpipāsāparītātmā) - whose self is afflicted by hunger and thirst

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kṣutpipāsāparītātman

kṣutpipāsāparītātman - one whose self/mind (ātman) is afflicted by hunger and thirst

Compound type : bahuvrihi (kṣut+pipāsā+parīta+ātman)

• kṣut – hunger
  noun (feminine)
• pipāsā – thirst, desire to drink
  noun (feminine)
  Desiderative from √pā
  Root: pā (class 1)
• parīta – afflicted, surrounded, overwhelmed
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From √i with prefix pari-
  Prefix: pari
  Root: i (class 2)
• ātman – self, soul, spirit, essence
  noun (masculine)

Note: Qualifies Gautama, meaning 'Gautama, whose self was afflicted...'

हिंसार्थी (hiṁsārthī) - intending harm, seeking violence

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of hiṃsārthin

hiṁsārthin - seeking to injure, intending harm

Compound type : tatpurusha (hiṃsā+arthin)

• hiṃsā – harm, injury, violence
  noun (feminine)
  Root: hiṃs (class 10)
• arthin – seeking, desiring, requesting
  adjective (masculine)

Note: Qualifies Gautama.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

अपि (api) - also, even, too

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes 'also seeking violence'.

अवैक्षत (avaikṣata) - he looked, observed

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, past imperfect (laṅ) of īkṣ

Imperfect Middle

Root īkṣ, with prefix ava-, 3rd person singular

Prefix: ava

Root: īkṣ (class 1)

Note: Often used in the sense of 'to expect' or 'to await'. Here implies 'he watched' or 'he considered' (with intent).