महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-163, verse-2

सामुद्रकान्स वणिजस्ततोऽपश्यत्स्थितान्पथि ।
स तेन सार्थेन सह प्रययौ सागरं प्रति ॥२॥

2. sāmudrakānsa vaṇijastato'paśyatsthitānpathi ,
sa tena sārthena saha prayayau sāgaraṁ prati.

2. saḥ sāmudrakān vaṇijaḥ tataḥ apaśyat sthitān pathi
saḥ tena sārthena saha prayayau sāgaram prati

2. saḥ tataḥ pathi sthitān sāmudrakān vaṇijaḥ apaśyat
saḥ tena sārthena saha sāgaram prati prayayau

2. He then saw sea-traders standing on the road. He, along with that caravan, set out towards the sea.

Words meanings summery:

• सः (saḥ) - he, that

• सामुद्रकान् (sāmudrakān) - sea-traders, maritime merchants

• वणिजः (vaṇijaḥ) - merchants

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, from there, thereafter

• अपश्यत् (apaśyat) - saw, beheld

• स्थितान् (sthitān) - standing, situated

• पथि (pathi) - on the road, in the path

• सः (saḥ) - he, that

• तेन (tena) - with that

• सार्थेन (sārthena) - with the caravan, with the group of merchants

• सह (saha) - with, along with

• प्रययौ (prayayau) - he set out, he went forth

• सागरम् (sāgaram) - the sea, ocean

• प्रति (prati) - towards

Words meanings and morphology

सः (saḥ) - he, that

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, this

सामुद्रकान् (sāmudrakān) - sea-traders, maritime merchants

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of sāmudraka

sāmudraka - belonging to the sea, coming from the sea; a sea-trader, mariner

From samudra + -ka

वणिजः (vaṇijaḥ) - merchants

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of vaṇij

vaṇij - merchant, trader

ततः (tataḥ) - then, from there, thereafter

(indeclinable)

Suffix -tas added to 'tad'

अपश्यत् (apaśyat) - saw, beheld

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect (laṅ) of dṛś

Imperfect tense, 3rd person singular

Root 'dṛś' takes 'paśya' stem in present/imperfect tenses

Root: dṛś (class 1)

स्थितान् (sthitān) - standing, situated

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of sthita

sthita - standing, situated, firm, existing

Past Passive Participle

From root 'sthā' (to stand)

Root: sthā (class 1)

पथि (pathi) - on the road, in the path

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of pathin

pathin - path, road, way

सः (saḥ) - he, that

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, this

तेन (tena) - with that

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, this

सार्थेन (sārthena) - with the caravan, with the group of merchants

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of sārtha

sārtha - caravan, company of merchants, group

From 'artha' (purpose, wealth) with prefix 'sa' (with), meaning 'having a common purpose/wealth'.

सह (saha) - with, along with

(indeclinable)

प्रययौ (prayayau) - he set out, he went forth

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of yā

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular

From root 'yā' with prefix 'pra'

Prefix: pra

Root: yā (class 2)

सागरम् (sāgaram) - the sea, ocean

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of sāgara

sāgara - ocean, sea

Derived from 'sagara' (a mythological king who dug the ocean) or 'sāgara' (with water)

प्रति (prati) - towards

(indeclinable)

Note: Preposition governing the accusative case (sāgaram).