महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-147, verse-1

भीष्म उवाच ।
एवमुक्तः प्रत्युवाच तं मुनिं जनमेजयः ।
गर्ह्यं भवान्गर्हयति निन्द्यं निन्दति मा भवान् ॥१॥

1. bhīṣma uvāca ,
evamuktaḥ pratyuvāca taṁ muniṁ janamejayaḥ ,
garhyaṁ bhavāngarhayati nindyaṁ nindati mā bhavān.

1. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca evam uktaḥ pratyuvāca taṃ muniṃ janamejayaḥ
garhyaṃ bhavān garhayati nindyaṃ nindati mā bhavān

1. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca.
janamejayaḥ evam uktaḥ taṃ muniṃ pratyuvāca.
bhavān garhyaṃ garhayati.
mā bhavān nindyaṃ nindati.

1. Bhishma said: Thus addressed, Janamejaya replied to that sage: 'Your honor blames what is censurable. (But) let your honor not blame one who is blameworthy.'

Words meanings summery:

• भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhishma (the narrator) (Bhishma (proper name))

• उवाच (uvāca) - said (he said, he spoke)

• एवम् (evam) - thus (thus, in this manner, so)

• उक्तः (uktaḥ) - spoken to, addressed (spoken, said, addressed)

• प्रत्युवाच (pratyuvāca) - replied (he replied, he spoke in return)

• तं (taṁ) - that (sage) (him, that (accusative singular masculine))

• मुनिं (muniṁ) - the sage (sage, ascetic, seer)

• जनमेजयः (janamejayaḥ) - King Janamejaya (Janamejaya (proper name))

• गर्ह्यं (garhyaṁ) - what is censurable (censurable, blameworthy, contemptible)

• भवान् (bhavān) - your honor (the sage) (your honor, you (polite address))

• गर्हयति (garhayati) - blames, censures (he blames, he censures, he reproaches)

• निन्द्यं (nindyaṁ) - what is blameworthy (blameworthy, reprehensible, despicable)

• निन्दति (nindati) - blames, censures (he blames, he censures, he reproaches)

• मा (mā) - do not (not, do not (prohibitive))

• भवान् (bhavān) - your honor (the sage) (your honor, you (polite address))

Words meanings and morphology

भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhishma (the narrator) (Bhishma (proper name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - formidable, terrible, Bhishma (character in Mahabharata)

From root bhīṣ (to frighten).

Root: bhīṣ (class 10)

Note: Subject of uvāca.

उवाच (uvāca) - said (he said, he spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect tense, third person singular.

Irregular perfect form of vac.

Root: vac (class 2)

एवम् (evam) - thus (thus, in this manner, so)

(indeclinable)

Adverb.

उक्तः (uktaḥ) - spoken to, addressed (spoken, said, addressed)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ukta

ukta - spoken, said, uttered

Past Passive Participle

From root vac (to speak).

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Used adverbially or as part of a compound clause.

प्रत्युवाच (pratyuvāca) - replied (he replied, he spoke in return)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of prativac

Perfect tense, third person singular.

From root vac with prefix prati.

Prefix: prati

Root: vac (class 2)

तं (taṁ) - that (sage) (him, that (accusative singular masculine))

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, him, her, it

Pronominal stem.

Note: Direct object of pratyuvāca, referring to muniṃ.

मुनिं (muniṁ) - the sage (sage, ascetic, seer)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of muni

muni - sage, ascetic, inspired person, silent one

i-stem noun.

Root: man (class 4)

Note: Refers to the sage who addressed Janamejaya.

जनमेजयः (janamejayaḥ) - King Janamejaya (Janamejaya (proper name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of janamejaya

janamejaya - Janamejaya (a king, son of Parikshit)

Compound name: jana (people) + ejaya (causing trembling). 'One who causes people to tremble'.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (jana+ejaya)

• jana – person, people, creature
  noun (masculine)
  Root: jan (class 4)
• ejaya – causing to tremble, shaking
  noun/adjective (masculine)
  From root ej (to tremble).
  Root: ej (class 1)

Note: Subject of pratyuvāca.

गर्ह्यं (garhyaṁ) - what is censurable (censurable, blameworthy, contemptible)

(gerundive)

Note: Direct object of garhayati.

भवान् (bhavān) - your honor (the sage) (your honor, you (polite address))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhavat

bhavat - your honor, you, being, existing

Present Active Participle (when meaning 'being'), but here used as a polite pronoun.

From root bhū (to be). Used as a respectful second person pronoun.

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Refers to the sage.

गर्हयति (garhayati) - blames, censures (he blames, he censures, he reproaches)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of garh

Present tense, third person singular.

Denominative from garhā (blame) or root garh.

Root: garh (class 10)

Note: Grammatically 3rd person, but semantically 2nd person due to bhavān.

निन्द्यं (nindyaṁ) - what is blameworthy (blameworthy, reprehensible, despicable)

(gerundive)

Note: Direct object of nindati.

निन्दति (nindati) - blames, censures (he blames, he censures, he reproaches)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of nind

Present tense, third person singular.

From root nind.

Root: nind (class 1)

मा (mā) - do not (not, do not (prohibitive))

(indeclinable)

Prohibitive particle.

Note: Negates the verb nindati.

भवान् (bhavān) - your honor (the sage) (your honor, you (polite address))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhavat

bhavat - your honor, you, being, existing

Present Active Participle (when meaning 'being'), but here used as a polite pronoun.

From root bhū (to be). Used as a respectful second person pronoun.

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Refers to the sage.