महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-11, verse-22

एतद्विदुस्तपो विप्रा द्वंद्वातीता विमत्सराः ।
तस्माद्वनं मध्यमं च लोकेषु तप उच्यते ॥२२॥

22. etadvidustapo viprā dvaṁdvātītā vimatsarāḥ ,
tasmādvanaṁ madhyamaṁ ca lokeṣu tapa ucyate.

22. etat viduḥ tapaḥ viprāḥ dvandva-atītāḥ vimatsarāḥ
tasmāt vanam madhyamam ca lokeṣu tapaḥ ucyate

22. dvandva-atītāḥ vimatsarāḥ viprāḥ etat tapaḥ viduḥ.
tasmāt,
lokeṣu vanam madhyamam ca tapaḥ ucyate

22. This (true nature of) austerity (tapas) is understood by wise Brahmins (viprā) who have transcended dualities (dvandva) and are free from envy. Therefore, amongst people, both forest-dwelling (vana) and the middle (householder stage) are considered austerity (tapas).

Words meanings summery:

• एतत् (etat) - this

• विदुः (viduḥ) - they know, they understand

• तपः (tapaḥ) - austerity, penance

• विप्राः (viprāḥ) - Brahmins, wise persons

• द्वन्द्व-अतीताः (dvandva-atītāḥ) - those who have transcended dualities

• विमत्सराः (vimatsarāḥ) - free from envy, free from jealousy

• तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore, from that

• वनम् (vanam) - forest, forest life (vānaprastha āśrama)

• मध्यमम् (madhyamam) - middle, intermediate (householder stage)

• च (ca) - and

• लोकेषु (lokeṣu) - among people, in the worlds

• तपः (tapaḥ) - austerity, spiritual effort

• उच्यते (ucyate) - is said, is declared

Words meanings and morphology

एतत् (etat) - this

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of etad

etad - this

Note: Refers to 'tapaḥ' implicitly from previous verse

विदुः (viduḥ) - they know, they understand

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of vid

Root: vid (class 2)

तपः (tapaḥ) - austerity, penance

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - austerity, penance, spiritual fervor (tapas)

विप्राः (viprāḥ) - Brahmins, wise persons

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vipra

vipra - Brahmin, wise, inspired

द्वन्द्व-अतीताः (dvandva-atītāḥ) - those who have transcended dualities

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of dvandva-atīta

dvandva-atīta - transcending dualities (such as pleasure/pain, heat/cold)

Compound type : tatpurusha (dvandva+atīta)

• dvandva – pair, couple, duality
  noun (neuter)
• atīta – gone past, transcended
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From prefix 'ati' + root 'i' (to go) + suffix 'kta'.
  Prefix: ati
  Root: i (class 2)

Note: Agrees with 'viprāḥ'

विमत्सराः (vimatsarāḥ) - free from envy, free from jealousy

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vimatsara

vimatsara - free from envy, not jealous

Compound type : bahuvrihi (vi+matsara)

• vi – without, separation, distinct
  indeclinable
• matsara – envy, jealousy, miserliness
  noun (masculine)

Note: Agrees with 'viprāḥ'

तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore, from that

(indeclinable)

Note: Ablative form used adverbially

वनम् (vanam) - forest, forest life (vānaprastha āśrama)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of vana

vana - forest, wood, grove, forest life (āśrama)

मध्यमम् (madhyamam) - middle, intermediate (householder stage)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of madhyama

madhyama - middle, central, intermediate

Note: Refers implicitly to the householder (gārhasthya) āśrama

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

लोकेषु (lokeṣu) - among people, in the worlds

(noun)

Locative, masculine, plural of loka

loka - world, people, realm

तपः (tapaḥ) - austerity, spiritual effort

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - austerity, penance, spiritual fervor (tapas)

उच्यते (ucyate) - is said, is declared

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, present (laṭ) of vac

Present Passive

Passive form of root 'vac' (conjugated as 'uc').

Root: vac (class 2)