वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-4, chapter-9, verse-19

अहं त्ववगतो बुद्ध्या चिह्नैस्तैर्भ्रातरं हतम् ।
पिधाय च बिलद्वारं शिलया गिरिमात्रया ।
शोकार्तश्चोदकं कृत्वा किष्किन्धामागतः सखे ॥१९॥

19. ahaṃ tvavagato buddhyā cihnaistairbhrātaraṃ hatam ,
pidhāya ca biladvāraṃ śilayā girimātrayā ,
śokārtaścodakaṃ kṛtvā kiṣkindhāmāgataḥ sakhe.

19. aham tu avagataḥ buddhyā cihnaiḥ taiḥ
bhrātaram hatam pidhāya ca biladvāram
śilayā girimātrayā śokārtaḥ ca
udakam kṛtvā kiṣkindhām āgataḥ sakhe

19. sakhe aham tu taiḥ cihnaiḥ buddhyā
bhrātaram hatam avagataḥ ca girimātrayā
śilayā biladvāram pidhāya ca
śokārtaḥ udakam kṛtvā kiṣkindhām āgataḥ

19. But, my friend, by those signs, I understood intellectually that my brother was killed. And, having covered the cave entrance with a mountain-sized rock, and overwhelmed with sorrow, I performed the water oblation and came to Kishkindha.

Words meanings summery:

• अहम् (aham) - I (the speaker, Sugriva) (I, myself)

• तु (tu) - but, indeed (emphasizing the speaker's understanding) (but, indeed, yet, on the other hand)

• अवगतः (avagataḥ) - understood (intellectually) (understood, known, perceived)

• बुद्ध्या (buddhyā) - by (my) intellect (by intellect, by understanding, by intelligence)

• चिह्नैः (cihnaiḥ) - by (those) signs (like blood and sounds) (by signs, by marks, by tokens)

• तैः (taiḥ) - by those (previously mentioned signs) (by those)

• भ्रातरम् (bhrātaram) - (my) brother (Vali) (brother (acc.))

• हतम् (hatam) - killed (referring to the brother) (killed, slain, struck)

• पिधाय (pidhāya) - having covered (the cave entrance) (having covered, having closed, having concealed)

• च (ca) - and (connecting the actions) (and, also)

• बिलद्वारम् (biladvāram) - the entrance of the cave (cave entrance, hole's door)

• शिलया (śilayā) - with a rock (to cover the entrance) (by a rock, with a stone)

• गिरिमात्रया (girimātrayā) - of the size of a mountain (describing the rock) (of the size of a mountain, mountain-sized)

• शोकार्तः (śokārtaḥ) - overwhelmed with sorrow (referring to Sugriva) (distressed by sorrow, afflicted by grief)

• च (ca) - and (connecting the actions) (and, also)

• उदकम् (udakam) - water oblation (for the deceased) (water, water offering)

• कृत्वा (kṛtvā) - having performed (the water oblation) (having done, having made, having performed)

• किष्किन्धाम् (kiṣkindhām) - to Kishkindha (the capital of the Vanaras) (to Kishkindha (a city))

• आगतः (āgataḥ) - came (to Kishkindha) (arrived, come, attained)

• सखे (sakhe) - O friend (addressing Rama) (O friend, my friend)

Words meanings and morphology

अहम् (aham) - I (the speaker, Sugriva) (I, myself)

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of asmad

asmad - I, we

तु (tu) - but, indeed (emphasizing the speaker's understanding) (but, indeed, yet, on the other hand)

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunction.

अवगतः (avagataḥ) - understood (intellectually) (understood, known, perceived)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of avagata

avagata - understood, known, perceived, realized

Past Passive Participle

From `ava-gam` (to understand, know) + `kta` suffix

Prefix: ava

Root: gam (class 1)

बुद्ध्या (buddhyā) - by (my) intellect (by intellect, by understanding, by intelligence)

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of buddhi

buddhi - intellect, understanding, intelligence, perception

From root `budh` (to know, understand)

Root: budh (class 1)

Note: Instrument for understanding.

चिह्नैः (cihnaiḥ) - by (those) signs (like blood and sounds) (by signs, by marks, by tokens)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, plural of cihna

cihna - sign, mark, token, characteristic

Note: Instrument for understanding.

तैः (taiḥ) - by those (previously mentioned signs) (by those)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, neuter, plural of tad

tad - that, it, he, she

Note: Demonstrative pronoun, agrees with 'cihnaiḥ'.

भ्रातरम् (bhrātaram) - (my) brother (Vali) (brother (acc.))

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of bhrātṛ

bhrātṛ - brother

Note: Object of 'hatam' and part of the object clause of 'avagataḥ'.

हतम् (hatam) - killed (referring to the brother) (killed, slain, struck)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of hata

hata - killed, slain, struck, destroyed

Past Passive Participle

Formed from root `han` (to strike, kill) + `kta` suffix

Root: han (class 2)

पिधाय (pidhāya) - having covered (the cave entrance) (having covered, having closed, having concealed)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From `api-dhā` (to cover, close) + `ya` suffix

Prefix: api

Root: dhā (class 3)

च (ca) - and (connecting the actions) (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunction.

बिलद्वारम् (biladvāram) - the entrance of the cave (cave entrance, hole's door)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of biladvāra

biladvāra - cave entrance, opening of a hole

Compound type : Tatpurusha (bila+dvāra)

• bila – cave, hole, burrow
  noun (neuter)
• dvāra – door, gate, entrance
  noun (neuter)

Note: Object of 'pidhāya'.

शिलया (śilayā) - with a rock (to cover the entrance) (by a rock, with a stone)

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of śilā

śilā - rock, stone, slab

Note: Instrument for covering.

गिरिमात्रया (girimātrayā) - of the size of a mountain (describing the rock) (of the size of a mountain, mountain-sized)

(adjective)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of girimātrā

girimātrā - mountain-sized, of the measure of a mountain

Formed from `giri` (mountain) + `mātrā` (measure)

Compound type : Karmadhāraya (giri+mātrā)

• giri – mountain, hill
  noun (masculine)
• mātrā – measure, quantity, size, mere
  noun (feminine)
  From root `mā` (to measure) + `trā` suffix
  Root: mā (class 2)

Note: Agrees with 'śilayā'.

शोकार्तः (śokārtaḥ) - overwhelmed with sorrow (referring to Sugriva) (distressed by sorrow, afflicted by grief)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śokārta

śokārta - distressed by grief, afflicted by sorrow

Formed from `śoka` (sorrow) + `ārta` (afflicted)

Compound type : Tatpurusha (śoka+ārta)

• śoka – sorrow, grief, lamentation
  noun (masculine)
  From root `śuc` (to grieve, lament)
  Root: śuc (class 1)
• ārta – afflicted, distressed, suffering
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root `ṛ` (to go, move) with prefix `ā`, meaning to go into distress
  Prefix: ā
  Root: ṛ (class 1)

Note: Predicative adjective for 'aham' (implied).

च (ca) - and (connecting the actions) (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunction.

उदकम् (udakam) - water oblation (for the deceased) (water, water offering)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of udaka

udaka - water, water offering, liquid

Note: Object of 'kṛtvā'.

कृत्वा (kṛtvā) - having performed (the water oblation) (having done, having made, having performed)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From root `kṛ` (to do, make) + `tvā` suffix

Root: kṛ (class 8)

किष्किन्धाम् (kiṣkindhām) - to Kishkindha (the capital of the Vanaras) (to Kishkindha (a city))

(proper noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of kiṣkindhā

kiṣkindhā - Kishkindha (name of a city, capital of Vanaras)

Note: Object of motion 'āgataḥ'.

आगतः (āgataḥ) - came (to Kishkindha) (arrived, come, attained)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of āgata

āgata - come, arrived, returned, present

Past Passive Participle

From `ā-gam` (to come, arrive) + `kta` suffix

Prefix: ā

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'aham' (implied).

सखे (sakhe) - O friend (addressing Rama) (O friend, my friend)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of sakhi

sakhi - friend, companion, associate

Note: Direct address.

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