महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-52, verse-21

धावतां च रथौघानां निघ्नतां च पृथक्पृथक् ।
बभूव तुमुलः शब्दो विमिश्रो दुन्दुभिस्वनैः ॥२१॥

21. dhāvatāṁ ca rathaughānāṁ nighnatāṁ ca pṛthakpṛthak ,
babhūva tumulaḥ śabdo vimiśro dundubhisvanaiḥ.

21. dhāvatām ca ratha-oghānām nighnatām ca pṛthak pṛthak
babhūva tumulaḥ śabdaḥ vimiśraḥ dundubhi-svanaiḥ

21. dhāvatām ratha-oghānām ca pṛthak pṛthak nighnatām
ca tumulaḥ śabdaḥ dundubhi-svanaiḥ vimiśraḥ babhūva

21. A tumultuous sound arose from the surging chariots and from those striking each other, mixed with the roars of war drums.

Words meanings summery:

• धावताम् (dhāvatām) - of those running, of the running ones

• च (ca) - and, also

• रथ-ओघानाम् (ratha-oghānām) - of the multitudes of chariots, of the throngs of chariots

• निघ्नताम् (nighnatām) - of those striking, of those killing

• च (ca) - and, also

• पृथक् (pṛthak) - separately, individually

• पृथक् (pṛthak) - separately, individually, each other

• बभूव (babhūva) - there was, it became

• तुमुलः (tumulaḥ) - tumultuous, confused, noisy

• शब्दः (śabdaḥ) - sound, noise, roar

• विमिश्रः (vimiśraḥ) - mixed with, mingled with

• दुन्दुभि-स्वनैः (dundubhi-svanaiḥ) - with the sounds of drums, with drum-roars

Words meanings and morphology

धावताम् (dhāvatām) - of those running, of the running ones

(participle)

Genitive, plural of dhāvat

dhāvat - running, moving quickly

Present Active Participle

Derived from root √dhāv (to run) with the active participle suffix -śatṛ.

Root: dhāv (class 1)

Note: Modifies `rathaughānām`.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

रथ-ओघानाम् (ratha-oghānām) - of the multitudes of chariots, of the throngs of chariots

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of rathaugha

rathaugha - multitude/throng of chariots

Compound type : tatpurusha (ratha+ogha)

• ratha – chariot, car
  noun (masculine)
• ogha – flood, stream, multitude, mass
  noun (masculine)

निघ्नताम् (nighnatām) - of those striking, of those killing

(participle)

Genitive, plural of nighnat

nighnat - striking, hitting, killing, slaying

Present Active Participle

Derived from root √han (to strike, kill) with upasarga ni and active participle suffix -śatṛ.

Prefix: ni

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Modifies `rathaughānām` implicitly.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

पृथक् (pṛthak) - separately, individually

(indeclinable)

पृथक् (pṛthak) - separately, individually, each other

(indeclinable)

Note: Repetition indicates reciprocal action or "one by one".

बभूव (babhūva) - there was, it became

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (Lit) of bhū

Perfect (Lit)

3rd person singular, perfect active. Root √bhū.

Root: bhū (class 1)

तुमुलः (tumulaḥ) - tumultuous, confused, noisy

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tumula

tumula - tumultuous, noisy, confused, boisterous

Note: Agrees with `śabdaḥ`.

शब्दः (śabdaḥ) - sound, noise, roar

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śabda

śabda - sound, noise, word, voice

Note: Subject of `babhūva`.

विमिश्रः (vimiśraḥ) - mixed with, mingled with

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vimiśra

vimiśra - mixed, mingled, blended

From vi + √miś (to mix).

Prefix: vi

Root: miś

दुन्दुभि-स्वनैः (dundubhi-svanaiḥ) - with the sounds of drums, with drum-roars

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of dundubhisvana

dundubhisvana - sound of a drum, drum-roar

Compound type : tatpurusha (dundubhi+svana)

• dundubhi – drum, war-drum
  noun (masculine)
• svana – sound, noise, roar
  noun (masculine)
  Root: svan (class 1)

Note: Indicates what the sound was mixed with.