महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-52, verse-19

ततः प्रववृते युद्धं व्यतिषक्तरथद्विपम् ।
तावकानां परेषां च निघ्नतामितरेतरम् ॥१९॥

19. tataḥ pravavṛte yuddhaṁ vyatiṣaktarathadvipam ,
tāvakānāṁ pareṣāṁ ca nighnatāmitaretaram.

19. tataḥ pravavṛte yuddham vyatiṣaktarathadvipam
tāvakānām pareṣām ca nighnatām itaretaram

19. tataḥ vyatiṣaktarathadvipam yuddham tāvakānām ca pareṣām itaretaram nighnatām pravavṛte.

19. Then, the battle began, with chariots and elephants intermingling, as your warriors and those of the enemy struck each other.

Words meanings summery:

• ततः (tataḥ) - then (then, therefrom, after that)

• प्रववृते (pravavṛte) - commenced, began (commenced, began, ensued)

• युद्धम् (yuddham) - battle (battle, fight)

• व्यतिषक्तरथद्विपम् (vyatiṣaktarathadvipam) - where chariots and elephants were intermingling (a battle with intertwined chariots and elephants)

• तावकानाम् (tāvakānām) - of your forces (Dhritarashtra's) (of yours, of your people)

• परेषाम् (pareṣām) - of the enemy's (forces) (of others, of enemies)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• निघ्नताम् (nighnatām) - of those striking/killing (of those striking, of those killing)

• इतरेतरम् (itaretaram) - each other (each other, mutually)

Words meanings and morphology

ततः (tataḥ) - then (then, therefrom, after that)

(indeclinable)

Ablative of 'tad' used as an indeclinable adverb.

प्रववृते (pravavṛte) - commenced, began (commenced, began, ensued)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, perfect (liṭ) of pravṛt

Perfect, 3rd person singular, middle voice (ātmanepada)

Root √vṛt (to turn) with 'pra-' upasarga. Perfect (liṭ) form, with reduplication. Irregular formation.

Prefix: pra

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: The perfect tense (liṭ) is used here to describe an event that happened in the past, without specifying a precise point in time, implying a general past action.

युद्धम् (yuddham) - battle (battle, fight)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of yuddha

yuddha - battle, fight, war

From root √yudh (to fight) with 'kta' suffix, used as a noun.

Root: yudh (class 4)

Note: Subject of 'pravavṛte'.

व्यतिषक्तरथद्विपम् (vyatiṣaktarathadvipam) - where chariots and elephants were intermingling (a battle with intertwined chariots and elephants)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of vyatiṣaktarathadvipa

vyatiṣaktarathadvipa - having intermingled chariots and elephants

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (vyatiṣakta+ratha+dvipa)

• vyatiṣakta – intertwined, intermingled
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from upasargas 'vi' + 'ati' and root √sañj (to cling, attach) with the 'kta' suffix.
  Prefixes: vi+ati
  Root: sañj (class 1)
• ratha – chariot
  noun (masculine)
• dvipa – elephant (literally 'two-drinker')
  noun (masculine)

Note: Modifies 'yuddham'.

तावकानाम् (tāvakānām) - of your forces (Dhritarashtra's) (of yours, of your people)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of tāvaka

tāvaka - your, belonging to you, your people

Derivative of 'tva' (you), signifying 'yours'.

Note: Refers to the Kaurava army.

परेषाम् (pareṣām) - of the enemy's (forces) (of others, of enemies)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of para

para - other, enemy, supreme

Note: Refers to the Pāṇḍava army.

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

निघ्नताम् (nighnatām) - of those striking/killing (of those striking, of those killing)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of nighnat

nighnat - striking, killing

Present Active Participle

Derived from upasarga 'ni' and root √han (to strike, kill) with the 'śatṛ' suffix.

Prefix: ni

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Agrees with 'tāvakānām' and 'pareṣām'.

इतरेतरम् (itaretaram) - each other (each other, mutually)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of itaretara

itaretara - each other, one another

Compound type : dvandva (itara+itara)

• itara – other, another
  pronoun (neuter)
• itara – other, another
  pronoun (neuter)

Note: Functions as an adverbial accusative.