महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-170, verse-1

दुर्योधन उवाच ।
किमर्थं भरतश्रेष्ठ न हन्यास्त्वं शिखण्डिनम् ।
उद्यतेषुमथो दृष्ट्वा समरेष्वाततायिनम् ॥१॥

1. duryodhana uvāca ,
kimarthaṁ bharataśreṣṭha na hanyāstvaṁ śikhaṇḍinam ,
udyateṣumatho dṛṣṭvā samareṣvātatāyinam.

1. duryodhana uvāca kimartham bharataśreṣṭha na hanyāḥ tvam
śikhaṇḍinam udyateṣum atho dṛṣṭvā samareṣu ātatāyinam

1. duryodhana uvāca bharataśreṣṭha tvam kimartham samareṣu
udyateṣum ātatāyinam śikhaṇḍinam dṛṣṭvā atho na hanyāḥ

1. Duryodhana said: "O best among the Bharatas, why do you not slay Shikhandin, even though you see him in battles as an aggressor (ātatāyin) with his arrows raised?"

Words meanings summery:

• दुर्योधन (duryodhana) - Duryodhana (name of the eldest Kaurava prince)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• किमर्थम् (kimartham) - why, for what purpose

• भरतश्रेष्ठ (bharataśreṣṭha) - Addressed to Bhishma. (O best among Bharatas)

• न (na) - not, no

• हन्याः (hanyāḥ) - you would kill, you should kill

• त्वम् (tvam) - Referring to Bhishma. (you)

• शिखण्डिनम् (śikhaṇḍinam) - Shikhandin

• उद्यतेषुम् (udyateṣum) - Referring to Shikhandin having raised arrows. (with raised arrows)

• अथो (atho) - and then, moreover, even then

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

• समरेषु (samareṣu) - in battles, in conflicts

• आततायिनम् (ātatāyinam) - Refers to Shikhandin. (an aggressor, an assailant)

Words meanings and morphology

दुर्योधन (duryodhana) - Duryodhana (name of the eldest Kaurava prince)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of duryodhana

duryodhana - Duryodhana (proper name, son of Dhritarashtra)

Compound type : bahuvrihi (dur+yodhana)

• dur – difficult, bad, hard
  indeclinable
• yodhana – fighting, warrior
  noun (masculine)
  From root yudh (to fight)
  Root: yudh (class 4)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

perfect active

root vac, perfect tense, 3rd person singular

Root: vac (class 2)

किमर्थम् (kimartham) - why, for what purpose

(indeclinable)

Compound type : tatpurusha (kim+artham)

• kim – what, which
  pronoun (neuter)
• artha – purpose, meaning, wealth
  noun (masculine)

भरतश्रेष्ठ (bharataśreṣṭha) - Addressed to Bhishma. (O best among Bharatas)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of bharataśreṣṭha

bharataśreṣṭha - best among Bharatas

Compound type : tatpurusha (bharata+śreṣṭha)

• bharata – a descendant of Bharata, a member of the Bharata clan
  noun (masculine)
• śreṣṭha – best, most excellent
  adjective (masculine)
  superlative degree of praśasya (excellent)

Note: Vocative case, addressing Bhishma

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

हन्याः (hanyāḥ) - you would kill, you should kill

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, optative (liṅ) of han

optative

root han, optative mood, 2nd person singular

Root: han (class 2)

त्वम् (tvam) - Referring to Bhishma. (you)

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you (pronoun)

शिखण्डिनम् (śikhaṇḍinam) - Shikhandin

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of śikhaṇḍin

śikhaṇḍin - Shikhandin (a warrior in the Mahabharata)

उद्यतेषुम् (udyateṣum) - Referring to Shikhandin having raised arrows. (with raised arrows)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of udyateṣu

udyateṣu - one who has raised arrows

Compound type : bahuvrihi (udyata+iṣu)

• udyata – raised, lifted, prepared
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  prefix ud + root yam (to raise, to hold) + kta suffix
  Prefix: ud
  Root: yam (class 1)
• iṣu – arrow
  noun (masculine)

Note: Agrees with śikhaṇḍinam

अथो (atho) - and then, moreover, even then

(indeclinable)

Note: Used here to indicate 'even when' or 'yet'

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

(indeclinable)

absolutive (gerund)

root dṛś + ktvā suffix

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Forms a compound with the main verb 'hanyāḥ'

समरेषु (samareṣu) - in battles, in conflicts

(noun)

Locative, masculine, plural of samara

samara - battle, conflict, war

Prefix: sam

Root: mṛ (class 1)

आततायिनम् (ātatāyinam) - Refers to Shikhandin. (an aggressor, an assailant)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ātatāyin

ātatāyin - one who has stretched a bow; an aggressor, a murderer, an incendiary

From prefix ā + root tan (to stretch) + suffix in

Prefix: ā

Root: tan (class 8)

Note: Agrees with śikhaṇḍinam