महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-57, verse-23

ऋतुपर्णं स राजानमुपतस्थे सुदुःखितः ।
भृतिं चोपययौ तस्य सारथ्येन महीपते ॥२३॥

23. ṛtuparṇaṁ sa rājānamupatasthe suduḥkhitaḥ ,
bhṛtiṁ copayayau tasya sārathyena mahīpate.

23. ṛtuparṇam sa rājānam upatasthe suduḥkhitaḥ |
bhṛtim ca upayayau tasya sāratthyena mahīpate

23. He, very sorrowful, approached King Ṛtuparṇa. And he obtained employment from that king as a charioteer.

Words meanings summery:

• ऋतुपर्णम् (ṛtuparṇam) - Ṛtuparṇa (proper noun)

• स (sa) - he (Nala) (he, that)

• राजानम् (rājānam) - king, ruler

• उपतस्थे (upatasthe) - approached, served, stood by

• सुदुःखितः (suduḥkhitaḥ) - very sorrowful, greatly distressed

• भृतिम् (bhṛtim) - employment, service (wages, hire, service, support)

• च (ca) - and, also

• उपययौ (upayayau) - obtained (employment) (approached, obtained, undertook)

• तस्य (tasya) - of that (king Ṛtuparṇa) (of him, of that)

• सारत्थ्येन (sāratthyena) - by charioteering, by the office of a charioteer

• महीपते (mahīpate) - of the king (Ṛtuparṇa) (of the king, of the lord of the earth)

Words meanings and morphology

ऋतुपर्णम् (ṛtuparṇam) - Ṛtuparṇa (proper noun)

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ṛtuparṇa

ṛtuparṇa - Ṛtuparṇa (name of a king of Ayodhyā)

स (sa) - he (Nala) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

राजानम् (rājānam) - king, ruler

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, sovereign

Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'ṛtuparṇam'.

उपतस्थे (upatasthe) - approached, served, stood by

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, past perfect (lit) of sthā

Perfect (Lit) 3rd person singular middle

From root sthā with prefix upa. Reduplicated perfect form.

Prefix: upa

Root: sthā (class 1)

सुदुःखितः (suduḥkhitaḥ) - very sorrowful, greatly distressed

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of suduḥkhita

suduḥkhita - very sorrowful, greatly distressed, extremely unhappy

Past Passive Participle

Compound of su (very) and duḥkhita (distressed, pp. of duḥkh).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (su+duḥkhita)

• su – good, well, very, excellent
  indeclinable
• duḥkhita – distressed, grieved, sorrowful
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root duḥkh (to suffer).
  Root: duḥkh (class 1)

Note: Modifies 'sa' (Nala).

भृतिम् (bhṛtim) - employment, service (wages, hire, service, support)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of bhṛti

bhṛti - wages, hire, service, support, maintenance

From root bhṛ (to bear, support).

Root: bhṛ (class 1)

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

उपययौ (upayayau) - obtained (employment) (approached, obtained, undertook)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of i

Perfect (Lit) 3rd person singular active

From root i with prefix upa. Reduplicated perfect form (yayau).

Prefix: upa

Root: i (class 2)

तस्य (tasya) - of that (king Ṛtuparṇa) (of him, of that)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to King Ṛtuparṇa.

सारत्थ्येन (sāratthyena) - by charioteering, by the office of a charioteer

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of sāratthya

sāratthya - charioteering, the office or duty of a charioteer

Derived from sārathi (charioteer).

Note: Indicates the means or capacity of employment.

महीपते (mahīpate) - of the king (Ṛtuparṇa) (of the king, of the lord of the earth)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of mahīpati

mahīpati - king, ruler, lord of the earth

Compound of mahī (earth) and pati (lord).

Compound type : tatpurusha (mahī+pati)

• mahī – earth, ground, land
  noun (feminine)
• pati – lord, master, husband, owner
  noun (masculine)
  Root: pā (class 2)

Note: Agrees with 'tasya' and refers to Ṛtuparṇa.