महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-148, verse-31

यैरर्द्यमानाः सुभृशं तपस्तप्यन्ति मानवाः ।
कामकामाः स्वर्गकामा यज्ञांस्तन्वन्ति चापरे ॥३१॥

31. yairardyamānāḥ subhṛśaṁ tapastapyanti mānavāḥ ,
kāmakāmāḥ svargakāmā yajñāṁstanvanti cāpare.

31. yaiḥ ardyamānāḥ su-bhṛśam tapas tapyanti mānavāḥ
kāma-kāmāḥ svarga-kāmāḥ yajñān tanvanti ca apare

31. Tormented greatly by which (ailments), people (mānavāḥ) practice asceticism (tapas). And others, desiring worldly pleasures (kāma) or desiring heaven, perform Vedic rituals (yajña).

Words meanings summery:

• यैः (yaiḥ) - by those (diseases, desires, afflictions from the previous verse) (by whom, by which)

• अर्द्यमानाः (ardyamānāḥ) - being tormented, being oppressed, being afflicted

• सु-भृशम् (su-bhṛśam) - exceedingly, very greatly, intensely

• तपस् (tapas) - asceticism, penance, heat, spiritual fervor, austere devotion

• तप्यन्ति (tapyanti) - they perform penance, they practice asceticism, they heat themselves

• मानवाः (mānavāḥ) - humans, men, people

• काम-कामाः (kāma-kāmāḥ) - those desiring worldly pleasures (those desiring desires, desirous of pleasures, wish-fulfilling)

• स्वर्ग-कामाः (svarga-kāmāḥ) - those desiring heaven, heaven-seekers

• यज्ञान् (yajñān) - sacrifices, rituals, offerings

• तन्वन्ति (tanvanti) - they extend, they perform, they spread

• च (ca) - and, also

• अपरे (apare) - others, other people

Words meanings and morphology

यैः (yaiḥ) - by those (diseases, desires, afflictions from the previous verse) (by whom, by which)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of yad

yad - which, who, what

Note: Refers to the previously mentioned afflictions ('vyādhayaḥ', 'kāmāḥ', 'upadravāḥ').

अर्द्यमानाः (ardyamānāḥ) - being tormented, being oppressed, being afflicted

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of ardyamāna

ardyamāna - being tormented, being oppressed, being afflicted, being distressed

Present Passive Participle

From root 'ṛd' (to torment, vex) + suffix 'śānac' (passive)

Root: ṛd (class 1)

Note: Describes 'mānavāḥ'.

सु-भृशम् (su-bhṛśam) - exceedingly, very greatly, intensely

(indeclinable)

Compound 'su-' (good, well, intense) + 'bhṛśam' (much, greatly)

Compound type : avyayībhāva (su+bhṛśam)

• su – good, well, very, excellent
  prefix
• bhṛśam – much, greatly, exceedingly, intensely
  indeclinable

Note: Adverb modifying 'ardyamānāḥ'.

तपस् (tapas) - asceticism, penance, heat, spiritual fervor, austere devotion

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - asceticism, penance, heat, spiritual fervor, austere devotion

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Object of 'tapyanti'.

तप्यन्ति (tapyanti) - they perform penance, they practice asceticism, they heat themselves

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of tap

Present Tense

From root 'tap', 1st conjugation (active/middle), present, 3rd person plural. Often used with 'tapas' as object or in middle voice for 'performing tapas'.

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Used idiomatically with 'tapas' as object.

मानवाः (mānavāḥ) - humans, men, people

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of mānava

mānava - human, man, descendant of Manu, people

Derived from 'manu'

Note: Subject of 'tapyanti'.

काम-कामाः (kāma-kāmāḥ) - those desiring worldly pleasures (those desiring desires, desirous of pleasures, wish-fulfilling)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of kāma-kāma

kāma-kāma - desiring desires, desirous of pleasures, wish-fulfilling

Bahuvrihi compound: 'kāma' (desire) + 'kāma' (desiring)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (kāma+kāma)

• kāma – desire, wish, longing, love, passion
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'kam' (to desire)
  Root: kam (class 1)
• kāma – desiring, desirous of
  adjective (masculine)
  Suffix -kāma indicating desire for the preceding noun
  Root: kam (class 1)

Note: Describes 'apare'.

स्वर्ग-कामाः (svarga-kāmāḥ) - those desiring heaven, heaven-seekers

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of svarga-kāma

svarga-kāma - desiring heaven, wishful of paradise

Tatpurusha compound: 'svarga' (heaven) + 'kāma' (desiring)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (svarga+kāma)

• svarga – heaven, paradise, celestial abode
  noun (masculine)
• kāma – desiring, desirous of
  adjective (masculine)
  Suffix -kāma indicating desire for the preceding noun
  Root: kam (class 1)

Note: Describes 'apare'.

यज्ञान् (yajñān) - sacrifices, rituals, offerings

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of yajña

yajña - sacrifice, ritual, worship, offering

From root 'yaj' (to sacrifice, worship)

Root: yaj (class 1)

Note: Object of 'tanvanti'.

तन्वन्ति (tanvanti) - they extend, they perform, they spread

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of tan

Present Tense

From root 'tan', 8th conjugation, present, 3rd person plural

Root: tan (class 8)

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunction.

अपरे (apare) - others, other people

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of apara

apara - other, another, posterior, inferior

Note: Subject of 'tanvanti'.