महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-15, chapter-12, verse-11

विकल्पा बहवो राजन्नापदां पाण्डुनन्दन ।
सामादिभिरुपन्यस्य शमयेत्तान्नृपः सदा ॥११॥

11. vikalpā bahavo rājannāpadāṁ pāṇḍunandana ,
sāmādibhirupanyasya śamayettānnṛpaḥ sadā.

11. vikalpā bahavaḥ rājan āpadām pāṇḍunandana
sāmādibhiḥ upanyasya śamayet tān nṛpaḥ sadā

11. rājan pāṇḍunandana āpadām bahavaḥ vikalpā (santi)
nṛpaḥ sāmādibhiḥ upanyasya tān sadā śamayet

11. O King, son of Pāṇḍu, there are many alternatives for facing calamities. The ruler should always mitigate them by employing strategies like conciliation (sāma) and others.

Words meanings summery:

• विकल्पा (vikalpā) - options for dealing with dangers (options, alternatives, varieties, differences)

• बहवः (bahavaḥ) - numerous (options) (many, numerous)

• राजन् (rājan) - vocative address to a king (O king)

• आपदाम् (āpadām) - for dealing with dangers or calamities (of calamities, for dangers)

• पाण्डुनन्दन (pāṇḍunandana) - Addressed to a son of Pāṇḍu, likely Yudhiṣṭhira or Arjuna in Mahābhārata context. (O son of Pāṇḍu)

• सामादिभिः (sāmādibhiḥ) - by employing the four traditional political strategies (sāma, dāna, bheda, daṇḍa), starting with sāma (by conciliation (sāma) and others (strategies))

• उपन्यस्य (upanyasya) - having applied (the strategies) (having presented, having applied, having employed)

• शमयेत् (śamayet) - the king should alleviate/subdue (calamities) (he should pacify, he should alleviate, he should subdue)

• तान् (tān) - those (calamities) (them)

• नृपः (nṛpaḥ) - the king, the ruler

• सदा (sadā) - always, ever

Words meanings and morphology

विकल्पा (vikalpā) - options for dealing with dangers (options, alternatives, varieties, differences)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vikalpa

vikalpa - option, alternative, choice, variety, doubt

Derived from root 'kḷp' with prefix 'vi'.

Prefix: vi

Root: kḷp (class 1)

बहवः (bahavaḥ) - numerous (options) (many, numerous)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of bahu

bahu - much, many, numerous, abundant

Note: Qualifies 'vikalpāḥ'.

राजन् (rājan) - vocative address to a king (O king)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, sovereign

Root: rāj

आपदाम् (āpadām) - for dealing with dangers or calamities (of calamities, for dangers)

(noun)

Genitive, feminine, plural of āpad

āpad - calamity, misfortune, danger, distress

पाण्डुनन्दन (pāṇḍunandana) - Addressed to a son of Pāṇḍu, likely Yudhiṣṭhira or Arjuna in Mahābhārata context. (O son of Pāṇḍu)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of pāṇḍunandana

pāṇḍunandana - son of Pāṇḍu

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (pāṇḍu+nandana)

• pāṇḍu – Pāṇḍu (name of a king, father of the Pāṇḍavas)
  proper noun (masculine)
• nandana – son, child, delight, pleasing
  noun (masculine)
  Root: nand (class 1)

सामादिभिः (sāmādibhiḥ) - by employing the four traditional political strategies (sāma, dāna, bheda, daṇḍa), starting with sāma (by conciliation (sāma) and others (strategies))

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of sāmādi

sāmādi - beginning with conciliation (sāma)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (sāma+ādi)

• sāma – conciliation, negotiation, mildness, gentle measures
  noun (neuter)
• ādi – beginning, etcetera, and others
  indeclinable

उपन्यस्य (upanyasya) - having applied (the strategies) (having presented, having applied, having employed)

(indeclinable)

absolutive (gerund)

From root 'as' with prefixes 'upa' and 'ni'. Formed with 'lyap' suffix.

Prefixes: upa+ni

Root: as (class 4)

शमयेत् (śamayet) - the king should alleviate/subdue (calamities) (he should pacify, he should alleviate, he should subdue)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of śam

Causative optative, 3rd person singular

Causal stem 'śamay-' from root 'śam'.

Root: śam (class 4)

तान् (tān) - those (calamities) (them)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to the calamities or the problems arising from them, treated as masculine plural despite 'āpad' being feminine.

नृपः (nṛpaḥ) - the king, the ruler

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nṛpa

nṛpa - king, ruler, protector of men

From 'nṛ' (man) + 'pa' (protector, from root 'pā').

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (nṛ+pa)

• nṛ – man, person
  noun (masculine)
• pa – protector, preserver, drinking
  noun (masculine)
  agent noun from 'pā'
  Derived from root 'pā' (to protect).
  Root: pā (class 2)

Note: Subject of 'śamayet'.

सदा (sadā) - always, ever

(indeclinable)