महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-49, verse-13

भीष्म उवाच ।
रेतजो वा भवेत्पुत्रस्त्यक्तो वा क्षेत्रजो भवेत् ।
अध्यूढः समयं भित्त्वेत्येतदेव निबोध मे ॥१३॥

13. bhīṣma uvāca ,
retajo vā bhavetputrastyakto vā kṣetrajo bhavet ,
adhyūḍhaḥ samayaṁ bhittvetyetadeva nibodha me.

13. bhīṣma uvāca retajaḥ vā bhavet putraḥ tyaktaḥ vā kṣetrajaḥ
bhavet adhyūḍhaḥ samayam bhittvā iti etat eva nibodha me

13. bhīṣma uvāca putraḥ retajaḥ vā bhavet tyaktaḥ vā kṣetrajaḥ
vā bhavet samayam bhittvā adhyūḍhaḥ iti etat eva me nibodha

13. Bhīṣma said: 'A son may be one born from semen (retaja), or an abandoned son (tyakta), or one born from the wife's womb (kṣetraja), or one acquired by violating an agreement. Understand this from me.'

Words meanings summery:

• भीष्म (bhīṣma) - Bhīṣma (proper name)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• रेतजः (retajaḥ) - a son born from the husband's semen (born from semen, seed-born)

• वा (vā) - or

• भवेत् (bhavet) - may be, could be (may be, should be, happens)

• पुत्रः (putraḥ) - son, child

• त्यक्तः (tyaktaḥ) - an abandoned son (a recognized type of son) (abandoned, forsaken)

• वा (vā) - or

• क्षेत्रजः (kṣetrajaḥ) - a son born from the wife (through levirate or Niyoga) (born from the field, born from the wife)

• भवेत् (bhavet) - may be, could be (may be, should be, happens)

• अध्यूढः (adhyūḍhaḥ) - a son who is acquired/taken in (e.g., through a marriage that broke an agreement) (acquired, taken in, super-induced, one whose marriage transgresses rules)

• समयम् (samayam) - agreement, compact, time, convention

• भित्त्वा (bhittvā) - by violating, by transgressing (having broken, having pierced)

• इति (iti) - thus, in this manner, marking direct speech or conclusion

• एतत् (etat) - this teaching, this explanation (this)

• एव (eva) - indeed, only, just

• निबोध (nibodha) - understand, perceive, learn

• मे (me) - from me, by me

Words meanings and morphology

भीष्म (bhīṣma) - Bhīṣma (proper name)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - formidable, terrible (name of a Kuru patriarch)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular

Irregular perfect form from root vac

Root: vac (class 2)

रेतजः (retajaḥ) - a son born from the husband's semen (born from semen, seed-born)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of retaja

retaja - born from semen

Compound of 'retas' (semen) and 'ja' (born)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (retas+ja)

• retas – semen, seed
  noun (neuter)
• ja – born, produced from
  adjective
  Derived from root jan (to be born)
  Root: jan (class 4)

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

भवेत् (bhavet) - may be, could be (may be, should be, happens)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of bhū

Optative mood, 3rd person singular

From root bhū (to be)

Root: bhū (class 1)

पुत्रः (putraḥ) - son, child

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of putra

putra - son, child

Note: Subject of `bhavet`.

त्यक्तः (tyaktaḥ) - an abandoned son (a recognized type of son) (abandoned, forsaken)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tyakta

tyakta - abandoned, forsaken, given up

Past Passive Participle

From root tyaj (to abandon)

Root: tyaj (class 1)

Note: Refers to `putraḥ` implied.

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

क्षेत्रजः (kṣetrajaḥ) - a son born from the wife (through levirate or Niyoga) (born from the field, born from the wife)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kṣetraja

kṣetraja - born in the field, born from the wife (with a designated kinsman)

Compound of 'kṣetra' (field, wife) and 'ja' (born)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kṣetra+ja)

• kṣetra – field, land, wife, womb
  noun (neuter)
• ja – born, produced from
  adjective
  Derived from root jan (to be born)
  Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Refers to `putraḥ` implied.

भवेत् (bhavet) - may be, could be (may be, should be, happens)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of bhū

Optative mood, 3rd person singular

From root bhū (to be)

Root: bhū (class 1)

अध्यूढः (adhyūḍhaḥ) - a son who is acquired/taken in (e.g., through a marriage that broke an agreement) (acquired, taken in, super-induced, one whose marriage transgresses rules)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of adhyūḍha

adhyūḍha - one married over (another wife), taken in, super-induced, a type of son (illegitimate)

Past Passive Participle (from adhi + vah)

From adhi + root vah (to carry, marry)

Prefix: adhi

Root: vah (class 1)

Note: Used here as a substantive for 'one taken in/acquired'.

समयम् (samayam) - agreement, compact, time, convention

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of samaya

samaya - agreement, convention, compact, time, religious observance

From sam + i (to go, come together)

Prefix: sam

Root: i (class 2)

भित्त्वा (bhittvā) - by violating, by transgressing (having broken, having pierced)

(verb)

active, absolutiv (ktvā) of bhid

Absolutive (Gerund)

From root bhid (to break)

Root: bhid (class 7)

इति (iti) - thus, in this manner, marking direct speech or conclusion

(indeclinable)

एतत् (etat) - this teaching, this explanation (this)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of etad

etad - this

Nominative/Accusative singular neuter of 'etad'

एव (eva) - indeed, only, just

(indeclinable)

Emphatic particle

निबोध (nibodha) - understand, perceive, learn

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of nībodh

Imperative mood, 2nd person singular

From ni + root budh (to know)

Prefix: ni

Root: budh (class 1)

मे (me) - from me, by me

(pronoun)

singular of aham

aham - I

Dative/Genitive singular of 'aham' (enclitic form)