महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-63, verse-1

भीष्म उवाच ।
ज्याकर्षणं शत्रुनिबर्हणं च कृषिर्वणिज्या पशुपालनं च ।
शुश्रूषणं चापि तथार्थहेतोरकार्यमेतत्परमं द्विजस्य ॥१॥

1. bhīṣma uvāca ,
jyākarṣaṇaṁ śatrunibarhaṇaṁ ca; kṛṣirvaṇijyā paśupālanaṁ ca ,
śuśrūṣaṇaṁ cāpi tathārthaheto;rakāryametatparamaṁ dvijasya.

1. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca jyā-ākarṣaṇam
śatru-nibarhaṇam ca kṛṣiḥ vaṇijyā paśu-pālanam
ca śuśrūṣaṇam ca api tathā
artha-hetoḥ akāryam etat paramam dvijasya

1. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca jyā-ākarṣaṇam ca
śatru-nibarhaṇam ca kṛṣiḥ vaṇijyā paśu-pālanam
ca tathā artha-hetoḥ api ca
śuśrūṣaṇam etat dvijasya paramam akāryam

1. Bhishma said: Drawing the bow, slaying enemies, and agriculture, trade, cattle-rearing, as well as rendering service for the sake of wealth—these are supremely improper (actions) for a twice-born (dvija).

Words meanings summery:

• भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhishma (a character in the Mahabharata) (Bhishma)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said (as an introductory remark) (said, spoke)

• ज्या-आकर्षणम् (jyā-ākarṣaṇam) - drawing the bowstring (drawing the bowstring, archery)

• शत्रु-निबर्हणम् (śatru-nibarhaṇam) - slaying enemies (slaying enemies, destruction of foes)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• कृषिः (kṛṣiḥ) - agriculture (agriculture, farming)

• वणिज्या (vaṇijyā) - trade (trade, commerce)

• पशु-पालनम् (paśu-pālanam) - cattle-rearing (cattle-rearing, animal husbandry)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• शुश्रूषणम् (śuśrūṣaṇam) - rendering service (service, attendance)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• अपि (api) - even (also, even, too)

• तथा (tathā) - likewise (thus, so, likewise)

• अर्थ-हेतोः (artha-hetoḥ) - for the sake of wealth (for the sake of wealth/material gain)

• अकार्यम् (akāryam) - supremely improper (action) (improper action, what should not be done, unsuitable)

• एतत् (etat) - these (referring to the preceding list of actions) (this (referring to the preceding list))

• परमम् (paramam) - supremely (supreme, highest, most important)

• द्विजस्य (dvijasya) - for a twice-born (dvija) (of a twice-born, of a brahmin)

Words meanings and morphology

भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhishma (a character in the Mahabharata) (Bhishma)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - Bhishma, awful, terrible

उवाच (uvāca) - said (as an introductory remark) (said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

perfect active

Perfect, 3rd person singular, active voice. Formed from root √vac.

Root: vac (class 2)

ज्या-आकर्षणम् (jyā-ākarṣaṇam) - drawing the bowstring (drawing the bowstring, archery)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of jyā-ākarṣaṇa

jyā-ākarṣaṇa - drawing the bowstring, archery

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (jyā+ākarṣaṇa)

• jyā – bowstring
  noun (feminine)
• ākarṣaṇa – drawing, pulling
  noun (neuter)
  verbal noun
  Derived from √kṛṣ with prefix ā-.
  Prefix: ā
  Root: kṛṣ (class 1)

शत्रु-निबर्हणम् (śatru-nibarhaṇam) - slaying enemies (slaying enemies, destruction of foes)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of śatru-nibarhaṇa

śatru-nibarhaṇa - slaying enemies, destruction of foes

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śatru+nibarhaṇa)

• śatru – enemy, foe
  noun (masculine)
• nibarhaṇa – slaying, killing
  noun (neuter)
  verbal noun
  Derived from √bṛh with prefix ni-.
  Prefix: ni
  Root: bṛh (class 10)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

कृषिः (kṛṣiḥ) - agriculture (agriculture, farming)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of kṛṣi

kṛṣi - agriculture, farming

वणिज्या (vaṇijyā) - trade (trade, commerce)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of vaṇijyā

vaṇijyā - trade, commerce

पशु-पालनम् (paśu-pālanam) - cattle-rearing (cattle-rearing, animal husbandry)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of paśu-pālana

paśu-pālana - cattle-rearing, animal husbandry

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (paśu+pālana)

• paśu – animal, cattle
  noun (masculine)
• pālana – protecting, guarding, rearing
  noun (neuter)
  verbal noun
  Derived from √pāl (causative of √pā).
  Root: pāl (class 10)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

शुश्रूषणम् (śuśrūṣaṇam) - rendering service (service, attendance)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of śuśrūṣaṇa

śuśrūṣaṇa - service, attendance, desire to hear or serve

verbal noun (desiderative)

Derived from desiderative stem of √śru.

Root: śru (class 5)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

अपि (api) - even (also, even, too)

(indeclinable)

तथा (tathā) - likewise (thus, so, likewise)

(indeclinable)

अर्थ-हेतोः (artha-hetoḥ) - for the sake of wealth (for the sake of wealth/material gain)

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of artha-hetu

artha-hetu - cause/reason for wealth, for the sake of wealth

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (artha+hetu)

• artha – purpose, meaning, wealth, object
  noun (masculine)
• hetu – cause, reason, motive
  noun (masculine)

Note: Treated as ablative of cause.

अकार्यम् (akāryam) - supremely improper (action) (improper action, what should not be done, unsuitable)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of akārya

akārya - what should not be done, improper, unsuitable, duty not to be done

gerundive (negative)

Derived from √kṛ with negative prefix a- and suffix -ya (gerundive).

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+kārya)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix.
• kārya – to be done, duty, action
  adjective (neuter)
  gerundive
  Gerundive of √kṛ.
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Predicate nominative.

एतत् (etat) - these (referring to the preceding list of actions) (this (referring to the preceding list))

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of etad

etad - this, that

Note: It refers to the preceding list of activities as a single collective improper act.

परमम् (paramam) - supremely (supreme, highest, most important)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of parama

parama - supreme, highest, utmost, excellent

Note: Adjectivally modifies 'akāryam'.

द्विजस्य (dvijasya) - for a twice-born (dvija) (of a twice-born, of a brahmin)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of dvija

dvija - twice-born (Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya), bird, tooth

Literally 'twice-born'.

Note: Denotes possession or relation.