महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-170, verse-1

युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
धनिनो वाधना ये च वर्तयन्ति स्वतन्त्रिणः ।
सुखदुःखागमस्तेषां कः कथं वा पितामह ॥१॥

1. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
dhanino vādhanā ye ca vartayanti svatantriṇaḥ ,
sukhaduḥkhāgamasteṣāṁ kaḥ kathaṁ vā pitāmaha.

1. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca dhaninaḥ vā adhanā ye ca vartayanti
svatantriṇaḥ sukhaduḥkhāgamaḥ teṣām kaḥ katham vā pitāmaha

1. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca pitāmaha dhaninaḥ vā adhanā ye ca
svatantriṇaḥ vartayanti teṣām sukhaduḥkhāgamaḥ kaḥ vā katham

1. Yudhishthira said: 'O Grandfather, how do joy and sorrow come to those, whether wealthy or without wealth, who live independently?'

Words meanings summery:

• युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhishthira (proper noun)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• धनिनः (dhaninaḥ) - wealthy, rich

• वा (vā) - or

• अधना (adhanā) - poor, without wealth

• ये (ye) - who (plural)

• च (ca) - and

• वर्तयन्ति (vartayanti) - they live, they exist, they maintain themselves

• स्वतन्त्रिणः (svatantriṇaḥ) - independent, self-reliant

• सुखदुःखागमः (sukhaduḥkhāgamaḥ) - the advent/arrival of joy and sorrow

• तेषाम् (teṣām) - their, of them

• कः (kaḥ) - who?, what?

• कथम् (katham) - how?, in what manner?

• वा (vā) - or

• पितामह (pitāmaha) - O Grandfather

Words meanings and morphology

युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhishthira (proper noun)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - Yudhishthira (the eldest Pandava brother)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect (liṭ), parasmaipada, 3rd person singular

Root: vac (class 2)

धनिनः (dhaninaḥ) - wealthy, rich

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of dhanin

dhanin - wealthy, rich, possessing wealth

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

अधना (adhanā) - poor, without wealth

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of adhana

adhana - poor, without wealth

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (a+dhana)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix
• dhana – wealth, riches
  noun (neuter)

ये (ye) - who (plural)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of yad

yad - who, which, what

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

वर्तयन्ति (vartayanti) - they live, they exist, they maintain themselves

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of vṛt

Causative present indicative, parasmaipada, 3rd person plural (vartay-)

Root: vṛt (class 1)

स्वतन्त्रिणः (svatantriṇaḥ) - independent, self-reliant

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of svatantrin

svatantrin - independent, self-governed, master of oneself

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (sva+tantra)

• sva – self, own
  pronoun (masculine)
• tantra – thread, doctrine, system, independence, mastery
  noun (neuter)

सुखदुःखागमः (sukhaduḥkhāgamaḥ) - the advent/arrival of joy and sorrow

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sukhaduḥkhāgama

sukhaduḥkhāgama - the coming of pleasure and pain, the acquisition of happiness and misery

Compound type : dvandva/tatpuruṣa (sukha+duḥkha+āgama)

• sukha – happiness, joy, pleasure
  noun (neuter)
• duḥkha – sorrow, pain, misery
  noun (neuter)
• āgama – arrival, coming, advent
  noun (masculine)
  From ā-√gam (to come)
  Prefix: ā
  Root: gam (class 1)

तेषाम् (teṣām) - their, of them

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

कः (kaḥ) - who?, what?

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kim

kim - who?, what?, which?

कथम् (katham) - how?, in what manner?

(indeclinable)

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

पितामह (pitāmaha) - O Grandfather

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of pitāmaha

pitāmaha - grandfather (father's father)